Download Architectural Facade Design Proposal for Water Production via Air Content and more Essays (university) Urban planning in PDF only on Docsity!
Contemporary Urban Affairs
2018 , Volume 2 , Number 3 , pages 49 – 59
Architectural Facade Design Proposal for Water
Production via Air Content
Ph.D. Candidate DOGUS BODAMYALIZADE^1 , * Dr. HALIL ZAFER ALIBABA^2
1 & 2 (^) Eastern Mediterranean University, Department of Architecture, Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin10, Turkey E mail: dogusbodamyalizade@gmail.com E mail: halil.alibaba@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
The main aim of this article is to analyse current facade techniques, water producing systems and possible profits from the application of adequate facade designs which could produce water with the consideration of the needs of inhabitants. Nowadays for certain countries lacking the financial power to provide adequate water resources, the need of water harvesting becomes more crucial. The proposed water harvesting systems aim to increase the water resources by the application on the building’s facade. On the other hand, existing double skin facades have only been used for shading, ventilation or decorative purposes. This investigation focuses specifically on the design of the facade in terms of the production of water. The case study has taken place in North Cyprus, Nicosia. A selected area will be evaluated and the need of the water will be calculated then the proposal of the new facade model will be introduced. Most importantly this proposed facade model will meet the needs of water consumption of the inhabitants. It produces 420 litre water per day by using solar energy. With this system the application uses the sun energy to extract water from the air, also the application has potential to use as multi- functional purposes since it collects water via humidity with turbine systems, it collects up to 396 litres at temperatures between 86 degrees to 104 degrees (30 to 40 degrees Celsius) and between 80% and 90% relative humidity. CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (201 8 ), 2 ( 3 ), 49 - 59. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018. www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Cyprus Island in the Mediterranean Sea has a major gap between water demand and water supply in the TRNC (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus). The increase in water demand due to the economic growth is expected to result in a further increase in water supply due to climate change (Türkman, 2002).
A R T I C L E I N F O:
Article history: Received 15 July 2018 Accepted 23 September 2018 Available online 13 October 2018 Keywords: Facade Design, Sustainability, Water production, Nicosia. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution
- NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. "CC-BY-NC-ND" * Corresponding Author: Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey E-mail address: halil.alibaba@gmail.com
The economy of the island is mostly agricultural and tourism. In addition to 250,000 citizens there is also huge amount of students coming to the island every year. The city has highly intensive seasonal movement because of 26000 students (Muslu, 2003). The need of the water supply in the TRNC is provided entirely from underground water resources and 41 dams built on existing streams. The Dams purpose is to prevent these streams reaching to the sea and feeding the groundwater (Sıdal, 2006). The total underground water reserve in the T.R.N.C is 74.1 million m^3 /year (Alkaravli, 2002). According to the United Nations study for Northern Cyprus and the republic of south Cyprus the following scenario shows there will be a water shortage in 2025 and the country is going to suffer the water shortages (Türkman & Elkıran, 2008). It is clear that in the TRNC 74. million m of water provided sustainably by aquifers in 2001 with 126 million m^3 of water consumption, this shows that there is a serious water shortage and negativity. It can be seen that the aquifers water level drops under Sea level and the sea water gets mixed in to the aquifers (Sago, 1999). There are two billion people and 40 Countries that is estimated to suffer from water scarcity in 2030. Moreover, %47 of the world’s population will be living in areas with high water stress (WWDT, 2012). Water scarcity may be the most underestimated resource issue facing the world today. This project’s goal is to create a facade design in order to make humidity be absorbed in the air. This system separates the water molecules and store water in a liquid form. This development is for higher quality of life and sustainable development. With this process the facade is not only used to increase the internal comfort or decrease energy consumption but also provides an effıcient living condition for the users. The percentage of water consumption for one person is about 3.7 liters for a man and 2.7 liters for a woman a day (Water: How much should you drink every day, 2017). Through this integrated system, the opportunities will be analysed. The case study building is selected in Nicosia, Cyprus, due to the higher population and the life conditions, it will be a residential hostel building. After the analysis of the building, the new facade proposal will be rendered with a simulation program and the result will be seen for further discussions. Water production from the facade has a high influence on economy and also it is environmental friendly and a sustainable resource. Secondly, the water that would be produced has great taste; no chemical contaminates such as pesticides, pharmaceutical drug residue or industrial or human waste, no bacterial contaminates. The AWG (An atmospheric water generator) eliminates all natural occurring contaminates and pathogens such as; bacteria, viruses, parasites, giardia, e-coli and other dangerous waterborne pathogens that kill 3 to 4 million people. (Air and Water: A Right or Privilege for all Citizens, 2017).The integration of this system has highly positive impact on the majority of human life’s and has an alternative solution for facade designs.
2. Literature Review To expose the importance of sustainability in humans` life can be perceived differently to every individual. As it can be seen with some scholars words, the understanding of sustainability is completely different and a huge topic to discuss (Graber, and Dailey, 2003: 11- 12). The main approaches of sustainability are environmental, society focused and economical. Moreover it is important to mention the construction, process etc. (Hoşkara, 2009:3). Sustainability is a kind of environmental, economic and social comfort for the majority which means satisfaction of essential needs in order to have a better quality of life and without future concerns. So in this case the building should be environmental friendly, socially and economically sustainable (Graber and Dailey, 2003: 1-89). Due to the economic developments there are some changes in glass facade systems in terms of technological, energy performance as well as construction methods and materials. They call these facades double skin glass facades (DSGF) and they became very popular (Patterson, et al, 2008: 2-3). This kind of facades has an air space which mechanically ventilates the air in the cavity. All these devices are designed and integrated in order to improve the indoor climate with active or passive techniques and all of these devices could be controlled via remote control systems (Harrison and Boake, 2003). In general the tectonic of enviromental skins, which called double skin facade systems as esentially a pair of glass ‘skins’ that are seperated by an air corridor. The double skin facade is higly influencial to the highest temperatures and it has advantages as a wind and sound protector and a sun shading device are all located between the two skins. All elements can be arranged differently into many number
Figure 4. (A Warka water tower Bamboo Tower That Produces Water from Air) (URL 4) The Warka water tower is created by Arturo Vittorio and his team at Architecture and Vision, these towers harvest water from the rain and fog. This design is 30 feet tall and 13 feet wide, it is not half as big as its namesake tree which can loom 75 feet tall, but it is striking nonetheless. The spindly tower, of latticed bamboo lined with orange polyester mesh, the systems brings water out of the air providing a sustainable resource for developing countries (Stinson et al., 2017). Figure 5. (Fontus Water Producer Bottle) (URL 5) Fontus designed in Vienna by Kristof Retezar. This device can extract humidity from the air which is shown in figure 5, that condense it into drinkable water. It generates water during long distance ride with a bicycle. Fontus has simple basic principle that condenses the humidity contained in the air. Retezár told Live Science, " You always have a certain percentage of humidity in the air and it doesn’t matter where you are— even in the desert. That means you would always potentially be able to extract that humidity from the air". In additionally, " Fontus can produce 0.5 quarts (0.5 liters) of water in 1 hour in what is considered "really good" conditions, with temperatures between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius) and between 80% and 90% relative humidity ’’ Retezár said. The prototype includes a filter at the top to keep dust and bugs out of the water, but currently it does not include a way to filter out potentially harmful contaminants. The initial Fontus design was shortlisted for the 2014 James Dyson Award (Beach & Beach, 2017). Figure 6. (Solar Hydro panels Harvest Drinking Water And Energy At The Same Time) (URL 6) In Figure 6, the company source builds a panel which is like a standard photovoltaic but instead of just harvesting solar energy they use the rays of the sun to pull water from the air. Each panel has drawn up 10 liters (2.64) gallons of water per day. This system has standard solar panel that flanked by two hydro panels themselves have two different proprietary materials, one generates the heat, and the other can absorb moisture from the air; together they are able to condense water into an onboard, 30 - liter reservoir where it is mineralized with calcium and magnesium. Within this, the water can be siphoned directly to a drinking tap (Pham & Pham, 2017). Figure 7. Water Seer (URL 7)
Water Seer is a low-tech, low-cost atmospheric water condenser that could help create water self-sufficiency in communities around the world. It is a device that operates without an external power input and without the need of costly chemicals. It pulls the moisture from the air and condenses it into water use. The temperature difference between the above- ground turbine and the collection chamber installed six feet underground. They use simple pump and hose to take the water; this device produces up to 11 gallons per day, even in arid regions. It has been developed by Vice and they have collaborated with UC Berkeley and the national peace curbs association, aims to provide a sustainable source of clean and safe water for the millions without a reliable water supply. This device helps to alleviate some of those that has poverty issues (Froelich, 2017).
3. Methodology The methodology of this research is mainly analytical and descriptive. For this study a case study has been represented in order to show a possible use for the water harvesting in TRNC, Cyprus. This selected building is in Nicosia, Ortakoy and the function of the building is residential hostel. The further details of the case study is explained further within the reading. In addition to the case study, an interview has been undertaken to provide further information about the stated case study. Moreover, all the data collection of this case study analysis has been made with E.Z.B Architecture studio from the interview with the architect of this residential building. The data has been collected to evaluate the new proposed model of water producer facade. Furthermore, the paper provides a theoretical review on the double skin facade designs, the needed amount of water and the system of water production from the air. With the discussion of cases, the paper then will provide a framework to understand the application profits. Finally, the listed findings are provided to understand the success of the application of the proposed water harvesting facade design. The simulation of proposed model made in Rhinoceros modelling program (Rhinoceros,
- and visualized in KeyShot ("3D Rendering and Animation Software - KeyShot", 2017) rendering program. 3.1. North Cyprus Weather Condition and Opportunities. According to the Meteorology office of TRNC, North Cyprus has Mediterranean climate with hot and dry in summer seasons and warm and wet in winter (Pakishan, 2011). Figure 8 , Monthly Amount of Heat during a Year (URL 8) It can be seen in figure 8, that the average temperature is 19.0 °C .In July the air temperature during the day is (in shaded) 37 °C - 40 °C. The coldest month is January that the air temperature during the day is 9.0 °C- 12°C. The coldest night of the year is in the month of January, these nights freezing happens due to the decrease of the temperature of the earth down to 0.0 °C. In order to summarize the opportunities and conditions in Nicosia; there is a strong wind in January and December and a strong sun in June, July and August, the concept of water production from the facade could be valid. Furthermore, the sun exposure is much more in seven months of a year and 9 hours a day in average. Solar radiation is at its minimum in December and January with 9MJ/m2, increasing up to 29MJ/m2 in June and July. In additionally, for Nicosia, the lowest amount of solar radiation intensity as 110W/m2 in December increases to 350W/m2 in June and July. Meanwhile the highest air temperature changes from 15.34 ºC and 36.23 ºC in general. On the other hand, the lowest air temperature changes from 5.43 ºC and 21.54 ºC average. Occasionally, during summer time the maximum air temperature can even go up to 44ºC and during the winter time the minimum air temperature can be seen as - 6 ºC. Moving the humidity percentages, the highest amount can change from 25% to 86% during summer times and from 41% to 92% in winter times. In spite of the high percentage of humidity levels in winter time, there is few amounts of rain.
Figure 13 , (River Side Residential Hostel Electric and Water Plan) (URL 13) The building has three floors and used as a hostel for students, each floor has totally 18 bedrooms total capacity of the building is 54 persons and all the bedrooms have their own individual toilets. The interior of the building separated from each other and each three bedrooms have their own kitchen. Figure 14 , (River Side Residential Hostel Water Tanks and System) (URL 14) According to the research and the interview with the E.Z.B architectural office the water consumption of each bedroom is approximately 350 litters. As it can be seen above, the waste water is removed from the system that is also visible in Figure 14.
4. Finding and Discussions
According to the research study the new water producer façade design proposal has been analysed in the literature review, finally it has uploaded into the case study the total amount of water has been analysed and the negative and positive parts will be evaluated by recommending design suggestion on hostel building. 4.1 The New Water Producer Façade Design for Riverside Residential hostel Building. After the interview with E.Z.B architecture studio, the hostel building problems have been analysed, finally the proposal of mesh Micro climatic facade design (SOLTIS FT381) has been uploaded to the facade. This microclimatic facade has solar protection, minimizing lightness, minimizing of secondary structure, aesthetical and short time for installation (‘‘Bioclimatic facade- Serge Ferrari, Serge Ferrari, 2017’’). This integration system on the facade has structural differences between existing models. The model has steel structure empty pipes that can transfer water from the air to the filtration and the water tanks. Figure 15, (Integration to (SOLTIS FT381) (URL 15) Figure 16, (River Side Residential Hostel Integration of the Water Producer Façade design) (URL 16)
Figure 17, (River Side Residential Hostel Integration of Façade Front and top Vıew) (URL 17) Figure 18. (River Side Residential Hostel Integration of the System back side top view) (URL 18) In Figures 16, 17 and 18 as it is shown how the Photovoltaic and purification system has been uploaded to the building; the integration of both of the systems have been analysed. The blue circular parts have got an air turbine inside to humid air for the water production that each of them produces 12 litters water per day. In Figure 19, it is shown that the mesh structure pipes translate the water to the catchment basin. Figure 19. (humidity from the air system detail) (URL 19) The section of the building in Figure 20, shows the process of how the system work has started from air turbines and photovoltaic panels; each photovoltaic panel has produced 10 litre a day there are 42 photovoltaic panels and 33 purification system. After the water production all the water goes through the catchment basin; inside the catchment the water goes through the filtration process and transfer to the cistern. Figure 20. (River Side Residential Hostel Integration of the System) (URL 20)
4.2 Discussion
In order to summarize the opportunities and conditions of Nicosia North Cyprus; in January strong winds are seen and in June, July and August sunny days are seen. Therefore, the concept of water production due to the climate of the country and the region is claimed to be available to produce water from the façade. Furthermore, this application of new facade design can be used for only drinkable purposes. According to the research
European Model work in the USA?, Proceedings of ICBEST 2001, International Conference on Building Envelope Systems and Technologies, Ottawa, Canada, vol. 1, pp. 203 - 207. https://www.glassonweb.com/article/evalu ating-use-double-skin-facade-systems- sustainable-development Beach, G., & Beach, G. (2017). Brilliant self-filling water bottle pulls moisture from the air while you hike or bike. Inhabitat.com. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://inhabitat.com/solar-powered-fontus- pulls-water-from-the-air-while-you-ride-your- bike/ Bioclimatic facade - Serge Ferrari. (2017). Serge Ferrari. Retrieved 28 November 2017, from http://en.sergeferrari.com/bioclimatic- facade/ Collecting desalinated water through fog | Design Indaba. (2017). Design Indaba. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://www.designindaba.com/articles/cre ative-work/collecting-desalinated-water- through-fog Compagno, A. (2002). Intelligent Glass Facades (5th revised and updated edition). Berlin: Birkhäuser. https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book- search/title/intelligent-glass-facades- material-practice- design/author/compagno-andrea/ Claessens, J., & DeHerte, A. Active Solar Heating and Photovoltaics. Solar Energy in European Office Buildings. Energy Research Group, School of Architecture, University College of Dublin, Ireland. Web address: http://erg.ucd.ie/mid_career/mid_career.ht ml Collecting desalinated water through fog | Design Indaba. (2017). Design Indaba. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://www.designindaba.com/articles/cre ative-work/collecting-desalinated-water- through-fog Froelich, A. (2017). This Wind-Powered Device Pulls 11 Gallons Of Drinkable Water From The Air Each Day. True Activist. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://www.trueactivist.com/this-wind- powered-device-pulls- 11 - gallons-of- drinkable-water-from-the-air-each-day/ Graber, S, and Dailey, C, (2003). “Environmental Sustainability in Building Construction” Implications and Assessment Tools. Australia: Swinburne University of Technology Press. Pp: 1-89. Available from: http://www.abcb.gov.au. [Accessed 16.05.2010]. Hoskara, E, (2009). The Effectiveness of the EU SDS: The Case of Northern Cyprus Construction Sector. UK: The University of Westminster Press. Harrison, K., & Meyer-Boake, T. (2003). The Tectonics of the Environmental Skin. University of Waterloo, School of Architecture. Web address http://www.fes.uwaterloo.ca/architecture/f aculty projects/terri/ds/double.pdf Muslu, T., Turistik Tesisler Hakkında [About Touristic Facilities], Rapor. (no. 31.T.Ç.B.75/01- 335), Turizm ve Çevre Bakanlığı, Turizm Planlama Dairesi, TRNC, 2003. Özdeniz, M, (2010). Energy and Environmental Issues in Architecture. Lecture notes. Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, 2010. Rhinoceros. (2017). Rhino3d.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017, from https://www.rhino3d.com/ Patterson, M.R, (2008). “Structural Glass Facades: A Unique Building Technology”. [online] California, USA: University Of Southern California Press.Available from: http://arch.usc.edu/content/pages/cm/upl oadedmedia/michael_robert_patterson% 82008%29_structural_glass_facades 83229.pd. [Accessed 16.05.2010]. Pakishan, S (2011). Evaluating the Appropriateness of Double Skin Glass Facade System, within the Context of Sustainability, unpublished Master Thesis. Famagusta, Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus. http://i- rep.emu.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle /11129/1270/Pakishan.pdf?sequence= Pham, D., & Pham, D. (2017). New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time. Inhabitat.com. Retrieved 4 December 2017, from https://inhabitat.com/new-rooftop-solar- hydropanels-harvest-drinking-water-and- energy-at-the-same-time/ Peckham, M., & Peckham, M. (2017). Finally, a Billboard That Creates Drinkable Water Out of Thin Air | TIME.com. TIME.com. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://techland.time.com/2013/03/05/finally
- a-billboard-that-creates-drinkable-water- out-of-thin-air/ Rain Facade. (2017). Victoria Hammel. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://www.victoria-hammel.com/rain- facade/
Stinson, E., Stinson, E., Pardes, A., Stinson, E., Pierce, D., & Stinson, E. et al. (2017). A Bamboo Tower That Produces Water From Air. WIRED. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://www.wired.com/2015/01/architectur e-and-vision-warkawater/ Sidal, M., Su kaynakları ile ilgili bilgiler [Information on water resources], Rapor. (no. 2/95 (68/06)), İçişleri ve Köy işleri Bakanlığı, Su İşleri Dairesi, TRNC, 2006. Saelens, D. (2002). Energy Performance Assessments of Single Storey Multiple-Skin Facades. PhD thesis, Laboratory for Building Physics, Department of Civil Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q= &esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact =8&ved=2ahUKEwil6vqTyMrfAhUGXiwKHRPD C5IQFjAAegQIAhAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fb wk.kuleuven.be%2Fbwf%2FPhDs%2FPhDSael ens&usg=AOvVaw1flUi-R76XufeYscNV_h4I Sago, Y., KKTC 4. Beş yıllık kalkınma planı, Su özel ihtisas komisyonu raporu [Five-year development plan, report on water specialization commission] , TRNC, Agu.
TÜRKMAN, P., & ELKIRAN, Y. (2008). TMMOB 2. Su Politikaları Kongresi (2nd ed.). ANKARA: İnsaat Mühendisleri Odası. Uuttu, S. (2001). Study of Current Structures in Double-Skin Facades. MSc thesis in Structural Engineering and Building Physics. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), Finland. Web address: http://www.hut.fi/Units/Civil/Steel/SINI2.PDF Water: How much should you drink every day? (2017). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 13 December 2017, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy- lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in- depth/water/art- 20044256 Wolber, C. (2017). Turning Air into Water. Pretoria.co.za. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from http://pretoria.co.za/whats- on/expos/details/1255- Gary%20Thomas%20and%20Us%20Know% Kids?pop=1&tmpl=component 3D Rendering and Animation Software - KeyShot. (2017). Keyshot.com. Retrieved 5 December 2017, from https://www.keyshot.com/ URL1: http://pretoria.co.za/whats- on/expos/details/1255- Gary%20Thomas%20and%20Us%20Know% Kids?pop=1&tmpl=component
URL2:
http://www.designindaba.com/articles/cre ative-work/collecting-desalinated-water- through-fog URL 3 : http://techland.time.com/2013/03/05/finally
- a-billboard-that-creates-drinkable-water- out-of-thin-air/ URL 4 : https://www.wired.com/2015/01/architectur e-and-vision-warkawater/ URL 5 : https://inhabitat.com/solar-powered- fontus-pulls-water-from-the-air-while-you- ride-your-bike/ URL 6 : https://inhabitat.com/new-source-solar- panels-pull-clean-drinking-water-from-the- air/ URL 7 : https://www.treehugger.com/clean- technology/waterseer-can-produce- 11 - gallons-day-clean-drinking-water-air.html URL 8 : KKTC MO, (2010).
kktcmeteor.org. [Online] Nicosia: KKTC Meteorological Office. Available from: http://kktcmeteor.org/meteorolojikbilgi/kibris- iklimi.aspx. [Accessed on 07. 11. 2001]. URL 9 : KKTC MO, (2010). kktcmeteor.org. [Online] Nicosia: KKTC Meteorological Office. Available from: http://kktcmeteor.org/meteorolojikbilgi/kibris - iklimi.aspx. [Accessed on 07. 11. 2001]. URL 10 : KKTC MO, (2010).
kktcmeteor.org. [Online] Nicosia: KKTC Meteorological Office. Available from: http://kktcmeteor.org/meteorolojikbilgi/kibris - iklimi.aspx. [Accessed on 07. 11. 2001]. URL 11. personal achieve URL 12. E.Z.B Architecture studio source URL 13. E.Z.B Architecture studio source. URL 14 .personal achieve (URL 15): http://en.sergeferrari.com/bioclimatic- facade/soltis-ft- 381 - mise-en-oeuvre- astucieuse-inedite-au-gurney-paragon-mall- 2/
