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AQA-AS-FORMULA-SHEET-7407-SDB-.pdf, Exams of Physics

AS Physics data and formulae. For use in exams from the June 2016 Series onwards. Version 1.4. 1. DATA - FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND VALUES. Quantity.

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AS Physics data and formulae
For use in exams from the June 2016 Series onwards
Version 1.4 1
DATA - FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND VALUES
Quantity Symbol Value Units
speed of light in vacuo
𝑐
3.00
×
108
m s1
permeability of free space
0
4
π
×
107
H m1
permittivity of free space
0
8.85
×
1012
F m1
magnitude of the charge of electron
𝑒
1.60
×
1019
C
the Planck constant
6.63
×
1034
J s
gravitational constant
𝐺
6.67
×
1011
N m2 kg2
the Avogadro constant
𝑁A
6.02
×
1023
mol1
molar gas constant
𝑅
8.31
J K1 mol1
the Boltzmann constant
𝑘
1.38
×
1023
J K1
the Stefan constant
5.67
×
108
W m2 K4
the Wien constant
2.90
×
103
m K
electron rest mass
(equivalent to
5.5 × 10–4
u)
𝑚e
9.11
×
1031
kg
electron charge/mass ratio
𝑒
𝑚e
1.76
×
1011
C kg1
proton rest mass
(equivalent to
1.00728
u)
𝑚p
1.67(3)
×
1027
kg
proton charge/mass ratio
𝑒
𝑚p
9.58
×
107
C kg1
neutron rest mass
(equivalent to
1.00867
u)
𝑚n
1.67(5)
×
1027
kg
gravitational field strength
𝑔
9.81
N kg1
acceleration due to gravity
𝑔
9.81
m s2
atomic mass unit
(
1
u is equivalent to
931.5
MeV
)
u
1.661
×
1027
kg
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION GEOMETRICAL EQUATIONS
quadratic equation
a
acbb
x
2
4
2
±
=
arc length = r
circumference of circle = 2πr
ASTRONOMICAL DATA area of circle = πr2
Body Mass/
Mean radius/
m
curved surface area of
cylinder
= 2πrh
Sun
6.96 × 108
area of sphere = 4πr2
Earth
6.37 × 106
volume of sphere =
3
4
πr3
pf3
pf4

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AS Physics data and formulae

For use in exams from the June 2016 Series onwards

DATA - FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND VALUES

Quantity Symbol Value Units

speed of light in vacuo 𝑐 3. 00 × 108 m s–^1

permeability of free space 0 4 π × 10 –^7 H m–^1

permittivity of free space 0 8. 85 × 10 –^12 F m–^1

magnitude of the charge of electron 𝑒 1. 60 × 10 –^19 C

the Planck constant ℎ 6. 63 × 10 –^34 J s

gravitational constant 𝐺 6. 67 × 10 –^11 N m^2 kg–^2

the Avogadro constant 𝑁A 6. 02 × 1023 mol–^1

molar gas constant 𝑅 8. 31 J K–^1 mol–^1

the Boltzmann constant 𝑘 1. 38 × 10 –^23 J K–^1

the Stefan constant 5. 67 × 10 –^8 W m–^2 K–^4

the Wien constant 2. 90 × 10 –^3 m K

electron rest mass (equivalent to 5.5 × 10–^4 u)

𝑚e 9. 11 × 10 –^31 kg

electron charge/mass ratio

𝑚e

  1. 76 × 1011 C kg–^1

proton rest mass (equivalent to 1.00728 u)

𝑚p 1. 67 ( 3 ) × 10 –^27 kg

proton charge/mass ratio

𝑚p

  1. 58 × 107 C kg–^1

neutron rest mass (equivalent to 1.00867 u)

𝑚n 1. 67 ( 5 ) × 10 –^27 kg

gravitational field strength 𝑔 9. 81 N kg–^1

acceleration due to gravity 𝑔 9. 81 m s–^2

atomic mass unit

( 1 u is equivalent to 931.5 MeV) u^

  1. 661 × 10 –^27 kg

ALGEBRAIC EQUATION GEOMETRICAL EQUATIONS

quadratic equation a

b b ac x 2

2

arc length = r

circumference of circle = 2π r

ASTRONOMICAL DATA area of circle^ = π r

2

Body Mass/kg Mean radius/m

curved surface area of cylinder

= 2π rh

Sun 1. 99 × 1030 6. 96 × 108 area of sphere = 4π r^2

Earth 5. 97 × 1024 6. 37 × 106 volume of sphere^ =^3

4

π r

3

Particle Physics

Class Name Symbol Rest energy/MeV

photon photon (^0)

lepton neutrino v e 0

v μ 0

electron e ±^ 0.

muon μ±^ 105.

mesons π meson π±^ 139.

π^0 134.

K meson K±^ 493.

K

0

baryons proton p 938.

neutron (^) n 939.

Properties of quarks

antiquarks have opposite signs

Type Charge

Baryon number

Strangeness

u +

3

2

e +

3

1

d −

3

1

e +

3

1

s −^

3

1

e +

3

1

Properties of Leptons

Lepton number

Particles: e−, νe ; μ−, ν μ + 1

Antiparticles: e+, νe, μ+, ν μ − 1

Photons and energy levels

photon energy (^) 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 =

photoelectricity ℎ𝑓^ =^ +^ 𝐸k (max)

energy levels (^) ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸 1 – 𝐸 2

de Broglie Wavelength (^) 𝜆 =

Waves

wave speed (^) 𝑐 = 𝑓𝜆 period (^) 𝑓 =

first harmonic 𝑓^ =^

fringe spacing 𝑤^ =^

diffraction grating 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆

refractive index of a substance s , 𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑐s for two different substances of refractive indices n 1 and n 2 , law of refraction 𝑛 1 sin 𝜃 1 = 𝑛 2 sin 𝜃 2

critical angle sin 𝜃𝑐 =

𝑛 2 𝑛 1

for 𝑛 1 > 𝑛 2

Mechanics

moments moment = 𝐹𝑑

velocity and acceleration 𝑚^ =^

equations of motion

𝑚^2 = 𝑢^2 + 2 𝑎𝑠 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 +
𝑎𝑡^2

force (^) 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

force (^) 𝐹 =

impulse 𝐹 Δ𝑡 = Δ(𝑚𝑚) work, energy and power

𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑠 cos 𝜃

𝐸k =

𝑚 𝑚^2 Δ𝐸p =^ 𝑚𝑔Δℎ

∆𝑊 ∆𝑡 ,^ 𝑃^ =^ 𝐹𝑚

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =

Materials

density 𝜌 =

𝑚 𝑉

Hooke’s law 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝛥𝛥

Young modulus

𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑛

tensile stress =

𝐹 𝐴

tensile strain =

∆𝐿 𝐿

energy stored 𝐸 =

1 2