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Definitions and explanations of various terms related to classical conditioning, a learning process that involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. Topics include appetitive and aversive conditioning, autoshaping, cs-us relevance, conditioned response and stimulus, discriminative control, latent inhibition, random control, selective associations, sign tracking, skinner box, taste aversion learning, unconditioned response, and unconditioned stimulus.
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Appetitive conditioning A type of conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer is a pleasant event or a stimulus the participant tends to approach. Associative learning Learning in which one event (a stimulus or a response) becomes linked to another, so that the first event comes activates a representation of the second. Autoshaping See sign tracking (see below). Aversive conditioning Conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is an aversive stimulus. Aversive stimulus Noxious or unpleasant stimulus that elicits aversion and/or withdrawal responses. CS-US relevance Facilitated learning that occurs with certain combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (e.g., taste and illness) as compared with other combinations (e.g., taste and shock). Conditioned response A response that comes to be made to the conditioned stimulus as a result of classical conditioning, abbreviated as CR. Conditioned stimulus A stimulus that initially does not elicit a conditioned response or activate a representation of an unconditioned stimulus but comes to do so after pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, abbreviated as CS. Conditioned suppression An aversive Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which conditioned responding is measured by the suppression of positively reinforced instrumental behavior. Discriminative control A control procedure for Pavlovian conditioning in which one conditioned stimulus (the CS+) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus, whereas another conditioned stimulus (the CS-) is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. The development of responding during the CS+^ but not during the CS-^ is considered evidence of Pavlovian conditioning.
Latent inhibition Retardation of Pavlovian conditioning that occurs because of repeated exposures or presentations of the conditioned stimulus by itself before CS-US pairings. Random control A control procedure for Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented at random times relative to each other. Selective associations Associations that are formed more readily between one combination of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli than between other combinations. Sign tracking A form of appetitive classical conditioning in which a localized stimulus serves as the conditioned stimulus. During the course of conditioning, the participant comes to approach (track) and sometimes manipulate the conditioned stimulus. Skinner box A small experimental chamber provided with something the participant can manipulate repeatedly, such as a response lever or a joystick. This allows the participant to perform a particular response repeatedly without being removed from the experimental situation. Usually the chamber also has a mechanism that can deliver a reinforcer, such as a pellet of food or a sip of juice. Taste aversion learning A type of Pavlovian conditioning in which the taste of a novel food serves as the conditioned stimulus and illness serves as the unconditioned stimulus. Taste aversions can be learned even if the illness is delayed several hours after exposure to the taste. Unconditioned response A response that occurs to a stimulus without the necessity of prior training or conditioning, abbreviated UR. Unconditioned stimulus A stimulus that elicits vigorous responding in the absence of prior training, abbreviated US. Unpaired control procedure A control procedure for classical conditioning in which both the CS and the US are presented periodically but never together.