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APMLE – LEA LATEST UPDATE 2025 Practice Q's/ Exam with 75 Questions & 100% Correct Answers, Exams of Surgical Pathology

Kansas City University of Medicine & Biosciences (KCU)Surgical Pathology

1. To which ossicle, if present, does the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attach? (A) Os vesalianum (B) Os tibiale externum (C) Os trigonum (D) Os naviculare - ✔✔1. C The posterior talocalcaneal ligament connects the lateral and medial tubercles of the posterior process of the talus with the superior and medial region of the calcaneus, posterior to the posterior talar facet. When an os trigonum is present, the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attaches to it. 2. Where is the medial plantar nerve located in the foot? (A) Between the first and second muscle layers (B) Between the third and fourth muscle layers (C) Deep to the fourth muscle layer (D) Superficial to the flexor retinaculum - ✔✔2. A

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APMLE – LEA LATEST UPDATE 2025 Practice
Q's/ Exam with 75 Questions & 100% Correct
Answers (RATED A+) 100% SUCCESS
1. To which ossicle, if present, does the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attach?
(A) Os vesalianum
(B) Os tibiale externum
(C) Os trigonum
(D) Os naviculare - ✔✔1. C
The posterior talocalcaneal ligament connects the lateral and medial tubercles of the posterior process
of the talus with the superior and medial region of the calcaneus, posterior to the posterior talar facet.
When an os trigonum is present, the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attaches to it.
2. Where is the medial plantar nerve located in the foot?
(A) Between the first and second muscle layers
(B) Between the third and fourth muscle layers
(C) Deep to the fourth muscle layer
(D) Superficial to the flexor retinaculum - ✔✔2. A
The medial plantar nerve is located between the first and second muscle layers.
3. Which of the following is an extracapsular ligament of the knee?
(A) Coronary
(B) Transverse
(C) Anterior cruciate
(D) Fibular collateral - ✔✔3. D
The fibular collateral ligament, a cord-like ligament found on the lateral side of the knee joint, is distinct
from the knee joint capsule and not attached to it.
4. Which of the following structures lies deepest in the dorsum of the foot?
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15

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Download APMLE – LEA LATEST UPDATE 2025 Practice Q's/ Exam with 75 Questions & 100% Correct Answers and more Exams Surgical Pathology in PDF only on Docsity!

APMLE – LEA LATEST UPDATE 2025 Practice

Q's/ Exam with 75 Questions & 100% Correct

Answers (RATED A+) 100% SUCCESS

  1. To which ossicle, if present, does the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attach? (A) Os vesalianum (B) Os tibiale externum (C) Os trigonum (D) Os naviculare - ✔✔1. C The posterior talocalcaneal ligament connects the lateral and medial tubercles of the posterior process of the talus with the superior and medial region of the calcaneus, posterior to the posterior talar facet. When an os trigonum is present, the posterior talocalcaneal ligament attaches to it.
  2. Where is the medial plantar nerve located in the foot? (A) Between the first and second muscle layers (B) Between the third and fourth muscle layers (C) Deep to the fourth muscle layer (D) Superficial to the flexor retinaculum - ✔✔2. A The medial plantar nerve is located between the first and second muscle layers.
  3. Which of the following is an extracapsular ligament of the knee? (A) Coronary (B) Transverse (C) Anterior cruciate (D) Fibular collateral - ✔✔3. D The fibular collateral ligament, a cord-like ligament found on the lateral side of the knee joint, is distinct from the knee joint capsule and not attached to it.
  4. Which of the following structures lies deepest in the dorsum of the foot?

(A) Arcuate artery (B) Dorsal venous arch (C) Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (D) Extensor hallucis longus tendon - ✔✔4. A The arcuate artery is the deepest structure in the dorsum of the foot.

  1. Which of the following muscles originates in part from the lateral surface of the shaft of the tibia? (A) Fibularis (peroneus) longus (B) Tibialis anterior (C) Tibialis posterior (D) Extensor digitorum longus - ✔✔5. B The tibialis anterior muscle originates in part from the anterior lateral surface of the shaft of the tibia.
  2. The secondary center of ossification of the first metatarsal is located in the (A) base (B) head (C) neck (D) shaft - ✔✔6. A Each of the five metatarsals ossifies from a primary and a secondary center. The secondary center of ossification for the first metatarsal is located at its base.
  3. Which of the following muscles has an attachment to the superior border of the greater trochanter? (A) Gluteus maximus (B) Gluteus medius (C) Obturator externus (D) Piriformis - ✔✔7. D The piriformis muscle has an attachment to the superior border of the greater trochanter.

(D) Deep peroneal - ✔✔11. B The medial calcaneal nerve branches from the tibial nerve.

  1. Which of the following bones are part of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot? Select the three that apply. (A) Talus (B) Cuboid (C) Navicular (D) Calcaneus (E) Fourth metatarsal - ✔✔12. ACD Of the bones noted, the calcaneus, talus, and navicular are part of the medial longitudinal arch.
  2. Which of the following muscles flexes both the hip and knee joints? (A) Gracilis (B) Pectineus (C) Sartorius (D) Rectus femoris - ✔✔13. C The sartorius muscle flexes both the knee and hip joints.
  3. On which surface of the talus is the comma-shaped facet located? (A) Posterior (B) Lateral (C) Medial (D) Inferior - ✔✔14. C The comma-shaped facet of the talus, located on its medial surface, is widest anteriorly, tapering as it goes posteriorly.
  4. Which of the following muscles is innervated by branches of both the lumbar and sacral plexuses? (A) Pectineus

(B) Iliopsoas (C) Sartorius (D) Adductor magnus - ✔✔ 15 D The adductor magnus receives innervation from the obturator nerve in the lumbar plexus and from the sciatic nerve in the sacral plexus.

  1. Which of the following is true of the deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery? (A) It descends in the adductor canal. (B) It passes through the adductor hiatus. (C) It is continuous with the popliteal artery. (D) Its branches supply the three compartments of the thigh. - ✔✔16. D Branches of the deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery supply each of the three compartments of the thigh.
  2. The adjacent sides of the second and third toes on the dorsal surface receive cutaneous innervation from which of the following nerves? (A) Medial terminal division of the deep fibular (peroneal) (B) Intermediate dorsal cutaneous (C) Lateral dorsal cutaneous (D) Medial dorsal cutaneous - ✔✔17. D The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve innervates the adjacent sides of the second and third toes.
  3. The adductor tubercle is found (A) on the medial condyle of the femur (B) on the lateral condyle of the femur (C) in the intercondylar fossa of the femur (D) between the lesser and greater trochanters of the femur - ✔✔18.A The adductor tubercle is located on the distal aspect of the medial supracondylar ridge on the medial condyle of the femur.

The primary center of ossification of the navicular usually does not appear until the third year of life, making it the last tarsal bone to begin ossification.

  1. Which of the following muscles have an origin on the head of the fibula? Select the three that apply. (A) Soleus (B) Popliteus (C) Flexor hallucis longus (D) Extensor digitorum longus (E) Fibularis (peroneus) longus - ✔✔23.ADE The soleus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) longus all have origins on the head of the fibula.
  2. List the following developmental events in the order in which they occur (from first to last). (A) Lower limb buds appear. 1. (B) Ossification of the foot begins. 2. (C) Primitive lumbosacral plexus forms. 3. (D) Chondrification of the foot begins. 4. - ✔✔24. The order is: ACDB Limb buds appear first, then the primitive lumbosacral plexus forms, next the chondrification centers appear, and lastly ossification begins.
  3. The tarsal bone that regularly has two centers of ossification is the (A) cuboid (B) lateral cuneiform (C) navicular (D) calcaneus - ✔✔25. D The calcaneus normally ossifies from a primary and a secondary center of ossification.
  4. Which of the following tendons shares a common synovial sheath with fibularis (peroneus) brevis? (A) Tibialis posterior (B) Fibularis (peroneus) tertius

(C) Fibularis (peroneus) longus (D) Tendo calcaneus - ✔✔26. C The fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis share a common synovial sheath.

  1. The tendon of which of the following muscles inserts into the lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the third toe? (A) Second lumbrical (B) First plantar interosseous (C) Second dorsal interosseous (D) Third dorsal interosseous - ✔✔27. D The central tendon of the third dorsal interosseous muscle attaches to the lateral aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the third toe.
  2. The nutrient artery of the fibula is a branch of which of the following arteries? (A) Anterior tibial (B) Posterior tibial (C) Fibular (peroneal) (D) Popliteal - ✔✔28. C The nutrient artery of the fibula is a branch of the fibular (peroneal) artery.
  3. Which of the following bones articulates with three metatarsals? (A) Cuboid (B) Navicular (C) Intermediate cuneiform (D) Lateral cuneiform - ✔✔29. D The lateral cuneiform articulates with the lateral aspect of the base of the second metatarsal medially, the medial aspect of the base of the fourth metatarsal laterally, and the base of the third metatarsal anteriorly.
  4. Which of the following muscles flexes both the knee and the hip joints?

(A) Femoral nerve (B) Femoral artery (C) Femoral vein (D) Lymphatic vessel - ✔✔34. B The most lateral structure in the femoral sheath is the femoral artery.

  1. Bones that bear articular facets on their dorsal surfaces include which of the following? (A) Navicular (B) Talus (C) Cuboid (D) Cuneiforms - ✔✔35. B The dorsal surface of the talus is completely covered with cartilage for its articulation with the inferior surface of the tibia.
  2. If the lateral plantar nerve is cut, which of the following muscles will be directly affected? Select the three that apply. (A) Abductor hallucis (B) Quadratus plantae (C) Second lumbrical (D) Flexor hallucis brevis (E) Plantar interossei - ✔✔36. BCE If the lateral plantar nerve is cut, the quadratus plantae, second lumbrical, and plantar interossei muscles will be directly affected.
  3. Which of the following muscles aids in unlocking the knee joint in the initial phase of flexion? (A) Biceps femoris (B) Popliteus (C) Semimembranosus (D) Gastrocnemius - ✔✔37. B

The popliteus muscle has a proximal attachment on the lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur and the lateral meniscus. Its distal attachment is on the posterior surface of the tibia. When the foot (and thus the tibia) is fixed to the ground, the popliteus muscle will laterally rotate the femur on the tibia, unlocking the knee joint and assisting in flexion of the knee.

  1. The first metatarsal usually receives fibers of insertion from the tibialis anterior muscle and the (A) tibialis posterior (B) flexor digitorum longus (C) extensor hallucis brevis (D) fibularis (peroneus) longus - ✔✔ 3 8. D Two muscles insert on the first metatarsal, both on the base: fibularis (peroneus) longus on the lateral side and tibialis anterior on the medial side.
  2. Which of the following parts of the fibula is subcutaneous? (A) Medial surface of the shaft (B) Medial surface of the head (C) Medial surface of the lateral malleolus (D) Lateral surface of the lateral malleolus - ✔✔39. D All the structures on the medial side of the fibula are deep. On the lateral aspect, only the head and the lateral malleolus are subcutaneous; the rest of the bone is covered mainly by muscle.
  3. The deep plantar artery is a branch of the (A) dorsalis pedis artery (B) anterior tibial artery (C) fibular (peroneal) artery (D) lateral tarsal artery - ✔✔40. A The deep plantar, or first proximal perforating, artery is one of the terminal branches of the dorsalis pedis artery.
  4. Which of the following ligaments is under the greatest tension when the foot is plantarflexed and inverted?

(D) Ischial tuberosity - ✔✔44. D The ischial tuberosity is one of the four fairly constant secondary centers of ossification in the hip bone.

  1. Which of the following is true of all third layer plantar muscles? (A) They are toe extensors. (B) They insert on proximal phalanges. (C) They originate on the rearfoot. (D) They are innervated by the lateral plantar - ✔✔45. B In the third layer of plantar muscles, flexor hallucis brevis and adductor hallucis insert onto the base of the proximal hallucal phalanx, and flexor digiti minimi brevis inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe.
  2. The primary spinal level that innervates the skin of the small toe is (A) L (B) L (C) S (D) S2 - ✔✔46.C The skin of the lateral side of the foot and lower leg is part of the S1 dermatome.
  3. Which of the following is the strongest ligament of the sacroiliac joint? (A) Sacrospinous (B) Ventral sacroiliac (C) Dorsal sacroiliac (D) Interosseous sacroiliac - ✔✔47. D The cross-sectional area of the interosseous sacroiliac ligament is much greater than that of the sacrospinous, ventral sacroiliac, and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments.
  4. Which of the following muscles abducts the thigh? (A) Obturator externus (B) Iliopsoas

(C) Gracilis (D) Gluteus medius - ✔✔48. D The gluteus medius muscle originates from the dorsum of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal line, inferior to the iliac crest. It is the only muscle listed that is in a position to abduct the thigh.

  1. Inability to dorsiflex the foot would most likely indicate injury to which of the following nerves? (A) Sural (B) Femoral (C) Tibial (D) Common fibular (peroneal) - ✔✔49. D The common fibular (peroneal) nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles in the leg that dorsiflex the foot. Due to its superficial position around the fibular neck, it is the major nerve of the lower extremity that is injured most often.
  2. Which of the following muscles is innervated by the femoral nerve? (A) Gastrocnemius (B) Sartorius (C) Obturator internus (D) Gluteus medius - ✔✔50. B The sartorius muscle, which runs obliquely from proximal lateral to distal medial as it crosses the anterior thigh, is the only muscle listed to receive its innervation from the femoral nerve.
  3. The linea aspera is found on the (A) tibia (B) ilium (C) ischium (D) femur - ✔✔51. D The linea aspera is a rough ridge on the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft, marking the closely related attachments of a number of muscles and the intermuscular septa of the thigh.

(A) Tibial (B) Sciatic (C) Femoral (D) Obturator - ✔✔55. D Most of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh are innervated by the obturator nerve; only the pectineus muscle does not usually receive motor innervation from this nerve.

  1. Which of the following muscles inserts into the iliotibial tract? (A) Gluteus maximus (B) Superior gemellus (C) Piriformis (D) Sartorius - ✔✔56. A The fibers of the gluteus maximus muscle pass inferolaterally from the posterior aspect of the gluteal surface of the ilium to the fascia lata at the iliotibial band, which it helps to create. The other muscles listed have no attachment to the iliotibial band or the fascia lata.
  2. Which of the following is a true statement about the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia? (A) It is palpable. (B) It includes part of the malleolar sulcus. (C) It gives attachment to the interosseous membrane of the leg. (D) It gives origin to one of the extensor muscles. - ✔✔57. A Except for a small area at the proximal end where the pes anserinus tendons insert, the entire medial surface of the shaft of the tibia is subcutaneous.
  3. In which of the following areas would ossification be seen first? (A) Shaft of the tibia (B) Proximal end of the tibia (C) Distal end of the tibia (D) Distal end of the fibula - ✔✔ 58 A

Ossification of the tibia, like other long bones, begins in the shaft. The primary ossification center appears at about 7 weeks of gestation, while secondary centers appear around the time of birth or later.

  1. Which muscle is an antagonist to the second dorsal interosseous muscle? (A) First dorsal interosseous (B) First plantar interosseous (C) Second plantar interosseous (D) Third dorsal interosseous - ✔✔59. A The first and second dorsal interosseous muscles are abductors of the second toe, the first in a medial direction and the second in a lateral direction.
  2. On which of the following bones do the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and fibularis (peroneus) longus all insert, at least in part? (A) Navicular (B) First metatarsal (C) Medial cuneiform (D) Intermediate cuneiform - ✔✔60. C Tibialis anterior inserts on the medial and plantar surfaces of the medial cuneiform, tibialis posterior inserts on the tuberosity of the bone, and fibularis (peroneus) longus inserts on its lateral surface.
  3. Which of the following arteries supplies the greatest portion of the thigh region? (A) Obturator (B) Popliteal (C) Femoral (D) Deep femoral (profunda femoris) - ✔✔61. D The deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery is the largest branch of the femoral artery and the chief artery of the thigh.
  4. The superficial (subcutaneous) infrapatellar bursa is separated from the deep infrapatellar bursa by the
  1. The dorsal digital artery to the medial side of the second toe is a branch of which artery? (A) Deep plantar (B) Dorsalis pedis (C) First dorsal metatarsal (D) Second dorsal metatarsal - ✔✔66.C The first dorsal metatarsal artery usually branches directly from the dorsalis pedis artery. At the first webspace, between the hallux and the second toe, it divides into two branches. The more lateral branch then divides as it passes distally into a medial and lateral branch. The lateral branch, the third dorsal digital artery, supplies the medial side of the second toe.
  2. The lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries are most commonly branches of the (A) femoral artery (B) deep femoral artery (C) first perforating artery (D) inferior gluteal artery - ✔✔67. B The lateral and medial femoral circumflex arteries are usually branches of the deep femoral artery.
  3. Which of the following nerves courses between the oblique head of the adductor hallucis and the interosseous muscles? (A) First common digital branch of the medial plantar (B) Proper digital branch of the medial plantar (C) Deep branch of the lateral plantar (D) Superficial branch of the lateral plantar - ✔✔68. C The lateral plantar nerve divides into a superficial and a deep branch at the level of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. The deep branch travels deep to the oblique head of the adductor hallucis muscle and superficial to the plantar interossei muscles.
  4. All of the following statements about prenatal development are true EXCEPT: (A) Chondrification of the foot begins prior to joint cavitation. (B) The upper and lower limb buds appear at the same time.

(C) Vascular development within a limb bud precedes lumbosacral plexus development. (D) At the end of the embryonic period the foot is plantarflexed. - ✔✔69. B Upper limb bud development precedes lower limb bud development by a few days.

  1. Which of the following muscles can help flex the knee joint? (A) Gracilis (B) Pectineus (C) Rectus femoris (D) Adductor magnus - ✔✔70. A The tendon of the gracilis muscle inserts on the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia. It passes posterior to the knee joint axis, inserting distal to the joint itself, making it the only muscle of those listed that can flex the knee joint.
  2. Which of the following joints allows flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction? (A) Distal tibiofibular (B) Tarsometatarsal (C) Interphalangeal (D) Metatarsophalangeal - ✔✔71. D The metatarsophalangeal joints are ellipsoidal joints and are, therefore, biaxial.
  3. The os tibiale externum is an accessory bone found in relation to the (A) cuboid (B) talus (C) medial cuneiform (D) navicular - ✔✔72. D The os tibiale externum is a relatively common accessory bone found at the medial aspect of the navicular. It is formed from a secondary center of ossification of the navicular tuberosity that fails to fuse with the body of the navicular.
  4. Which of the following muscles functions to dorsiflex the ankle and evert the foot?