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APHY 201 Physiology Lecture Exam 1 2024 Questions and answers, Exams of Anatomy

Ivy Tech Community College - ColumbusAnatomy

APHY 201 Physiology Lecture Exam 1 2024 Questions and answers Themes in Physiology - Answer>>Homeostasis and Control System: how variables are regulated and monitored. Input-control-output; how the body systems work together to maintain a constant environment Biological Energy Use: where energy comes from and how it is used. Energy is the capacity to do work. • Chemical work-making or breaking of chemical bonds so cells and organisms grow, maintain suitable environment and store information for reproduction and other activities. • Transport work-moves ions, molecules • Mechanical work-movement (cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton)

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APHY 201 Physiology Lecture Exam 1
2024 Questions and answers
Themes in Physiology - Answer>>Homeostasis and Control System: how variables are regulated
and monitored. Input-control-output; how the body systems work together to maintain a
constant environment
Biological Energy Use: where energy comes from and how it is used. Energy is the capacity to do
work.
• Chemical work-making or breaking of chemical bonds so cells and organisms grow, maintain
suitable environment and store information for reproduction and other activities.
• Transport work-moves ions, molecules
• Mechanical work-movement (cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton)
Structure-Function Relationship: how structure influences function — molecular interaction,
division of body into discrete component, mechanical properties of cells, tissues and organs.
• molecular interactions- chemical reactions, signals
• functional compartmentation which allows for specialization (lysosome, large intestines)
• mechanical properties - physical properties are direct result of anatomy, ie ability to stretch,
be flexible, etc.
Communication: information flow of chemical and electrical signal.
What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol? - Answer>>Cytoplasm is all the material
of the cell except for the nucleus.
Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cell; intracellular fluid (IFC)
Cell Organelles - Answer>>Membraneous:
• lysosomes- vesicles filled enzymes that digest bacteria
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APHY 201 Physiology Lecture Exam 1

2024 Questions and answers

Themes in Physiology - Answer>>Homeostasis and Control System: how variables are regulated and monitored. Input-control-output; how the body systems work together to maintain a constant environment Biological Energy Use: where energy comes from and how it is used. Energy is the capacity to do work.

  • Chemical work-making or breaking of chemical bonds so cells and organisms grow, maintain suitable environment and store information for reproduction and other activities.
  • Transport work-moves ions, molecules
  • Mechanical work-movement (cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton) Structure-Function Relationship: how structure influences function — molecular interaction, division of body into discrete component, mechanical properties of cells, tissues and organs.
  • molecular interactions- chemical reactions, signals
  • functional compartmentation which allows for specialization (lysosome, large intestines)
  • mechanical properties - physical properties are direct result of anatomy, ie ability to stretch, be flexible, etc. Communication: information flow of chemical and electrical signal. What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol? - Answer>>Cytoplasm is all the material of the cell except for the nucleus. Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cell; intracellular fluid (IFC) Cell Organelles - Answer>>Membraneous:
  • lysosomes- vesicles filled enzymes that digest bacteria
  • peroxisomes- vesicles filled enzymes that digest fatty acids
  • Golgi complex- modify and package proteins
  • nucleus- contains DNA, directs function of the cell
  • nucleolus- contains gene that directs synthesis of RNA
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum- site of protein synthesis
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- synthesis of lipids, steroids, fatty acids; phospholipids produced here; stores Ca++
  • Ribosomes- assemble amino acids to proteins Non-membraneous: those made from RNA and protein (ribosomes and vaults) and those made from insoluble protein fibers Cytoskeleton- provides strength and support, position of organelles, transport of material, cell linkage, cell motility.
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments- has variable protein composition includes keratin in hair and myosin in muscle
  • microfilaments- thinnest, made from actin
  • microvilli- for increased surface
  • cytosol- gelatinous substance that cushions organelles, contains wastes, dissolved nutrients, ions Cell membrane: bilayer phospholipid molecule with inserted protein; acts as gateway for and barrier to movement of material between cell and extracellular fluid (ECF). inclusions - Answer>>things that are found in a cell but do not need to be there; eg. glycogen, melanin Fluid mosaic model - Answer>>model of membrane as double layer phospholipid with proteins inserted into the layer. Carbohydrates attach themselves to proteins and lipids in the

How many phospholipid bilayers will a substance cross passing into a cell? Passing from one side to the other of the pericardial epithelium? - Answer>>A substance crosses one phospholipid bilayer to enter a cell and two passing the pericardial epithelium. What is the function of motor proteins? - Answer>>They convert stored energy into directed movement.

  • myosin - binds to actin fibers
  • kinesins - associated with movement along microtubules
  • dyneins - associated with microtubule bundles of cilia and flagella Name the 3 categories of cell junctions. - Answer>>• Gap junctions (communicating): simplest; pass chemical and electrical signals; regulate movement of molecules by open and closing channels
  • Tight junctions(occluding): restricts movement of material, have degrees of "leakiness", blood- brain barrier
  • Anchoring junctions (anchoring): attaches cell to extracellular matrix
  • Desmosomes (anchoring): like anchoring junction but attach to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton; strongest of cell-cell junctions. What is the law of mass balance? - Answer>>amount of substance in the body is to remain constant; gain must be offset by equal loss. Substances whose concentrations are maintained through mass balance include O2, CO2, salts, pH or H+ substance load= intake + production + excretion + metabolism ethanol and garlic in breath, hair analysis are manifestations of law of mass balance. What is mass flow? - Answer>>movement of substance from one compartment of the body to another; applies to entry, production and removal of substances Mass flow = concentration x volume flow (x/min) = (x/vol) (vol/min)

Where are Na, Cl, HCO3-, K, Ca found in the body? - Answer>>Concentrations of Na, Cl, HCO3- are higher in ECF. K and Ca in ICF. Proteins and other large anions are almost absent from the interstitial fluid because they are unable to cross the endothelium. Proteins are concentrated in the plasma. Knowing... Plasma concentration will tell you ECF concentrations, so it cannot tell you ICF concentration. Water concentration won't tell you much because body is in osmotic equilibrium. Protein concentration can be determined knowing plasma concentration, but not ECF nor ICF. Passive transport - Answer>>movement across a membrane that does not depend on outside source of energy. Active transport - Answer>>movement across a membrane that requires outside source of energy. What properties of a molecule influence its movement across cell membranes? - Answer>>size and lipid solubility Small size and lipid soluble pass through easily. Larger size and lesser lipid soluble need specific membrane protein for transport. Very large lipophobic molecules cannot be transported on proteins and must enter and leave cells in vesicles. Fick's law of diffusion - Answer>>equation that shows relationship of rate of diffusion involves 3 factors. Predicts simple diffusion across membrane rate of diffusion = surface area x concentration gradient x membrane permeability / membrane thickness

  • Water channel - aquaporin
  • ion channel
    • specific to one ion
    • allow ions of similar size and charge •• open channel/leak channel •• gate channel -- chemical - controlled by intracellular messenger -- voltage - controlled by electrical state of cells -- mechanical - responds to physical forces (heat, pressure) Carrier protein - Answer>>membrane transport protein that binds to the molecule it transports. Open at one side of the protein or the other but not to both at once, so never create a continuous passage between inside and outside of the cell. Changes conformation; transports glucose and amino acids, sometimes ions.
  • uniport carriers - one kind of molecule
  • cotransporter - moves more than one kind of molecule one at a time
    • symport carrier if moving in the same direction
    • antiport carrier if moving in opposite direction Membrane protein functions - Answer>>• structural - cytoskeleton
  • enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions
  • receptors - chemical signaling system that binds receptor to ligand
  • recognition - self or un-self
  • adhesion - cell junctions
  • transporter - moves molecules across membranes

Name two ways channels differ from carriers. - Answer>>channel proteins form continuous connections between inside and outside of cell and they transport molecules more quickly. GLUT transporters - Answer>>move glucose in and out of cells (facilitated diffusion) Na+ K+ ATPase - Answer>>Sodium Potassium pump maintains concentration gradient so that ECF is more positive than ICF; pumps out 3 Na+ for 2 K+ into the cell Carrier-mediated transport properties - Answer>>• specificity - ability to move only one molecule or group of closely related molecules. eg. GLUT

  • competition - moves related groups of substrates but substrates compete for binding sites on transporter.
  • saturation - rate of substrate transport depends on substrate concentration and number of carrier molecules. ie. hall doors Vesicular transport - Answer>>• phagocytosis - engulfs (active transport)
  • endocitosis - indents and forms small vesicles (active transport)
  • exocytosis - vesicles move to cell membrane, fuse and release (active transport)
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis Name 2 ways active transport by Na+K+ ATPase differs from secondary transport by the SGLT. - Answer>>ATPase is an antiporter, SGLT is a symporter. ATPase requires energy , SGLT uses stored energy in the Na+ concentration gradient. Transepithelial transport of glucose - Answer>>movement of glucose from lumen of kidney tubule or intestine to ECF. Involves 3 transport systems: SGLT mediated secondary active transport of glucose with Na+ from lumen into epithelial cell, followed by movement of both Na+ and glucose out of the cell and into EECF on basolateral side of cell. Na+ moves out of primary active transport via Na+K+ ATPase, and glucose leaves cell by facilitated diffusion on GLUT carriers (see image)

osmolarity - Answer>>number of particles (ions or intact molecules) per liter of solution. osmol/L or OsM convert Molarity to Osmolarity: mol/L x # particles/molecule = osmol/L normal osmolarity of human body ranges from 280-296 mOsM osmosis - Answer>>movement of water across semi-permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient. osmotic pressure - Answer>>force needed to counteract the flow of water in osmosis Types of osmosity - Answer>>• isoosmotic: initial condition that show no net difference in osmolarity

  • hypoosmotic: initial condition that show a lower concentration of particles on the outside of the cell
  • hyperosmotic: initial condition that show a higher concentration of particles on the outside of the cell saline solution - Answer>>0.9% NaCl (normal saline) = 0.9g/dL = 0.9g/100mL = 0.9g/100g H2O tonicity - Answer>>comparative measurement describing how solution affects cell volume; no units;depends on the relative concentration of nonpenetrating solutes describes effect on cell when placed into solution and allowed to come to equilibrium; compared to the cell

Net water movement will be into the compartment with the higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes. Non-penetrating solutes - Answer>>NaCl sucrose fructose KCl CaCl Penetrating solutes - Answer>>urea glucose Types of tonicity - Answer>>• isotonic: no net concentration gradient

  • hypotonic: cell gains water and swells when placed in solution; solution has less particles
  • hypertonic: cell loses water and shrinks when placed in solution (solution has more particles) if hypoosmotic, it is always hypotonic. proper units for osmolarity - Answer>>mOsM or mOsmol/L mOsM = mM x number of dissociable particles How many dissociable particles do the following have? a. urea b. fructose c. NaCl d. KCl

Nervous & Endocrine - coordinate body functions Immune - intercepts foreign material that enter through exchange surfaces and protects internal environment Name the organ systems of the body. - Answer>>Exchange systems:

  • urinary - removes excess water and wastes
  • respiratory - exchange gases
  • digestive - takes up nutrients water and eliminate wastes
  • reproductive - produces eggs and sperm Circulatory - distributes material Nervous & Endocrine - coordinate body functions Immune - intercepts foreign material that enter through exchange surfaces and protects internal environment Teleological vs. Mechanical approach to science - Answer>>Teleological approach answers the why questions (functions) while mechanical approach answers the how (process). It is the role of physiology to integrate function and process into a cohesive picture. Teleological vs. Mechanical approach to science - Answer>>Teleological approach answers the why questions (functions) while mechanical approach answers the how (process). It is the role of physiology to integrate function and process into a cohesive picture. Students in the lab run an experiment in which they drink different volumes of water and measure their urine output in the hour following drinking? What are the independent and dependent variables? - Answer>>Water is the independent variable (the altered and manipulated variable) while the urine measurement is the dependent because it is dependent on the amount of water. Independent variables are always on the x-axis.

What is the control group? - Answer>>It is the group where the variables are not applied. Initial values do not change and the other experimental groups are compared to the control group's result. What is the control group? - Answer>>It is the group where the variables are not applied. Initial values do not change and the other experimental groups are compared to the control group's result. Pathway from experiment to theory. - Answer>>Experiment replication - hypothesis working model - scientific theory Pathway from experiment to theory. - Answer>>Experiment replication - hypothesis working model - scientific theory Cross-over study - Answer>>Experimental study where participants are both experimental and control subjects. Effective when there is a wide variability within a population. Cross-over study - Answer>>Experimental study where participants are both experimental and control subjects. Effective when there is a wide variability within a population. Blind study - Answer>>Used to control placebo and nocebo effects. Study wherein the subjects do not know if they are receiving the treatment or the placebo. Effective control for psychological factor of experimentation. Blind study - Answer>>Used to control placebo and nocebo effects. Study wherein the subjects do not know if they are receiving the treatment or the placebo. Effective control for psychological factor of experimentation.

Van der Waals (weak) - nonspecific attraction between nucleus of any atoms and electrons of nearby atoms. What are the different types of chemical bonds? - Answer>>Covalent (strong) - 2 atoms share electrons.

  • polar - when they have partial charge
  • nonpolar - equally share electrons Ionic (strong) - atom gains or loses an electron Hydrogen (weak) - bond between H and nearby O2, N2 or Fl2. Responsible for surface tension of water. Van der Waals (weak) - nonspecific attraction between nucleus of any atoms and electrons of nearby atoms. Hydrogen bond's effect on H2Os physical and chemical properties. - Answer>>• its cohesiveness due to its bonds leads to surface tension; important in lungs
  • takes in heat w/o raising temperature (high heat specificity)
  • medium for dissolved substances
  • small molecules and carries out osmosis
  • freezes from top down
  • neutral pH Hydrogen bond's effect on H2Os physical and chemical properties. - Answer>>• its cohesiveness due to its bonds leads to surface tension; important in lungs
  • takes in heat w/o raising temperature (high heat specificity)
  • medium for dissolved substances
  • small molecules and carries out osmosis
  • freezes from top down
  • neutral pH Solutes Solvents Solution - Answer>>Solutes substances that dissolve (equivalent) Solvents liquids they dissolve in Solution combination of solutes and solvents Solutes Solvents Solution - Answer>>Solutes substances that dissolve (equivalent) Solvents liquids they dissolve in Solution combination of solutes and solvents What is pH? - Answer>>concentration of H+ What is pH? - Answer>>concentration of H+ What is a buffer? - Answer>>any substance that moderates or resists change to the pH. What is a buffer? - Answer>>any substance that moderates or resists change to the pH. Purines and Pyramidines - Answer>>Nitrogenous bases of nucleotieds. Purines are double ring structure and pyramidines are single.

catabolism - Answer>>reactions that release energy and result in the break down of large biomolecules law of mass action - Answer>>For a reaction at equilibrium, the ratio of substrates to products is always the same. kinase - Answer>>an enzyme that adds phosphate group to the substrate activation energy - Answer>>energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction enzyme - Answer>>protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy anabolism - Answer>>metabolic pathways that require a net input of energy and that synthesize small molecules into larger ones Competitive inhibitor - Answer>>molecules that bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing substrate binding coupled reactions - Answer>>reactions where energy released by one reaction drives the coupled reaction that requires energy Specificity - Answer>>ability of an enzyme or receptor to bind to a particular molecule or a group of closely related molecules addition reaction - Answer>>chemical reaction that adds a functional group to a molecule deamination - Answer>>removal of an amino group from a molecule insulin - Answer>>pancreatic hormone that decreases plasma glucose concentration

isozyme - Answer>>related forms of a single enzyme amination - Answer>>addition of amino group to a molecule coenzyme - Answer>>organic cofactors that act as receptors and carriers for atoms or functional groups that are removed from substrates during the course of reaction synthetase - Answer>>enzyme that joins two molecules together using ATP urea - Answer>>nitrogenous waste product from amino group free energy - Answer>>amount of energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule and available to perform work substrate - Answer>>ligand that binds to an enzyme or a membrane transporter This type of enzyme catalyzes oxidation reaction in which electrons and H+ ions are removed form a molecule. - Answer>>dehydrogenase This type of enzyme catalyzes reactions that digest proteins into polypeptides. Splitting each bond utilizes one molecule of water, therefore this is a specific type of hydrolase. - Answer>>protease This type of enzyme catalyzes reactions in which a phosphate group is exchanged between two molecules. - Answer>>phosphatase This type of enzyme catalyzes reactions in which a phosphate group is removed from a molecule. - Answer>>phosphatase