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APHY 201 Module 01 Chapter 1 and 3 Ivy
Tech 2024 Fall Exam Quiz Study Guide
Correct Answers Provided
Anatomy - Answer>>Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology (modern definition) - Answer>>Studies the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities. Often focuses on cellular and molecular level. Physiology (literal definition) - Answer>>Study of nature Homeostasis - Answer>>Maintenance of relatively stable internal environment due to process bringing system back to baseline. Aka dynamic state of equilibrium or balance. What is essential to maintain homeostasis? - Answer>>Communication within the body to monitor and regulate. All three components (receptor, control center, and effector) must be functional to maintain homeostasis. Variable - Answer>>Homeostasis control mechanism being regulated. Ex: body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen content of blood, blood sugar, etc. Receptor - Answer>>First component: some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information (input) to the control center. Control center - Answer>>Second component: receives information (input) from the receptor along the afferent pathway. Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.
Effector - Answer>>Third component: receives information (output) from the control center along the efferent pathway. Provides the means for the control centers response (output) to the stimulus. Afferent - Answer>>Approaches the control center (monitors) Efferent - Answer>>Exits the control center (issues orders to muscles or glands) Negative feedback - Answer>>The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning to its ideal value. If too fast, then slows. If hot, then cools. Body temperature and blood sugar are regulated by what? - Answer>>Negative feedback mechanism Main goal for negative feedback mechanisms? - Answer>>To prevent sudden severe changes within the body. Positive feedback mechanisms - Answer>>The response enhances or reinforces the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. The change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original set point. Positive feedback mechanisms control... - Answer>>Infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments. Often referred to as cascades. Ex: labor contractions and blood clotting. 3 major parts of a cell - Answer>>cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Plasma membrane - Answer>>a phospholipid bilayer that creates a barrier between the inside of a cell (intracellular fluid) and the exterior (extracellular fluid); acts in transporting substances
Allows immune system to recognize "self" and "non self" Glycoprotein - Answer>>a protein with one or more carbohydrates attached that face the extracellular surface Glycolipid - Answer>>a lipid attached to one or more carbohydrates Interstitial fluid - Answer>>or tissue fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma. A complex mixture of substances dissolved in water with high concentrations of sodium ions. Cytoplasm - Answer>>occupies space between cell membrane and nucleus; consists of cytosol (intracellular fluid) containing dissolved solutes, organelles, and inclusions Intracellular fluid - Answer>>or cytosol is the liquid found inside cells and is part of the cytoplasm; a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water with high concentrations of potassium ions. Inclusion - Answer>>in cytoplasm stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules that are not bound by membrane Organelles in cytoplasm - Answer>>Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, centrosome, lysosome, vesicles, peroxisomes Mitochondria - Answer>>Powerhouse of the cell; organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production (cellular respiration); double-membrane structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer>>system of membranes that appear rough due to the presence of ribosomes which manufacture all proteins secreted from cells; functions to manufacture all secreted proteins and membrane integral proteins and phospholipids, and
attach sugar groups to proteins in the cisterns. Proteins are bound to vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer>>network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell that are free of ribosomes; contains enzymes that function to produce transport vesicles, synthesize of lipids and steroids, detoxify substances, regulate cellular calcium levels Golgi apparatus - Answer>>Stack of flattened membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids created in the endoplasmic reticulum; segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane Peroxisomes - Answer>>membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; detoxify substances; most important enzyme is catalase for breaking down hydrogen peroxide; eliminates free radicals Secretory vesicles - Answer>>membrane bound bubbles that carry chemical substances like lipids and proteins to the cell membrane where they are released or secreted from the cell Cytoskeleton - Answer>>provides structural framework of the cell and gives it shape; consists of protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules; resists mechanical forces (compression and pulling apart) Lysosomes - Answer>>membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes used to break down or digest materials that are excreted or recycled; autolysis (destroys damaged or useless body cells) Microvilli - Answer>>tiny hair-like projections of the cytoplasmic membrane located in the small intestine to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area Ribosomes - Answer>>site of protein synthesis; composed of rRNA and protein
Catabolism - Answer>>AB -> A + B, XY = X + Y Molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms. Breakdown or degradation of large, energy-rich molecules. Always involves breaking of bonds and energy release. Anabolism - Answer>>A + B -> AB, X + Y = XY Atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecule. Synthesis of larger organic molecules from small organic molecular subunits. Always involve bond formation and energy consumption. Secretion - Answer>>a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism. Golgi apparatus regulates formation and release of secretory vesicles. Ex: digestive enzymes, surfactant, sebum Excretion - Answer>>Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Ex: urea, carbon dioxide, feces Apoptosis - Answer>>programmed cell death Necrosis - Answer>>death of living tissue due to injury or disease Hypertrophy - Answer>>increase in cell size Hyperplasia - Answer>>increase in cell number Atrophy - Answer>>decrease in cell size
