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APHY 201 Advanced Human Physiology
1 Chapters: 3,4,7,8,9,10,13,14,23;
Important Concepts" 100- Study quiz
and exam questions: Exam 1, Exam 2,
Exam 3, and Quiz 4 100% correct
answers provided
Which of the following is true about the pH of arterial blood? -The normal pH is 7.0. -A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis. -A pH of 7.0 would be considered alkalosis. -None of these answers is true. - Answer>>A pH of 7.0 would be considered acidosis. Compared to slow (type I) muscle fibers, fast (type II) muscle fibers have a _____ buffering capacity. -higher -lower -similar - Answer>>higher Heat production can be increased through __________. -shivering -non-shivering thermogenesis -the action of thyroxine and catecholamines
-All of these answers are correct - Answer>>All of these answers are correct Which of the following organs plays an important role in acid-base balance during exercise? -Lungs (i.e., respiratory system) -Kidneys -Liver -Brain - Answer>>Lungs (i.e., respiratory system) Some vitamins (example: vitamin E) contribute to the antioxidant defense system. True or False - Answer>>True Which of the following statements about body temperature homeostasis is correct? -Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain. -Core temperature is constantly maintained at 34°C. -Skin temperature is usually maintained at 40°C. -None of these statements is correct. - Answer>>Body temperature is a balance between heat loss and heat gain. Which of the following physiological factors does have a negative impact on exercise performance in a hot and humid environment? -Accelerated muscle fatigue. -Cardiovascular dysfunction. -Central nervous system dysfunction. -All of these answers are correct. - Answer>>All of these answers are correct.
Minerals (example: calcium) are NOT important for bone health. True or False - Answer>>False During high intensity exercise, hydrogen ion concentration [H+] will be increased in skeletal muscle. True or False - Answer>>True Which nutrient is primarily involved in growth and development? -proteins -fats -carbohydrates -vitamins - Answer>>proteins Increased core temperature (i.e., heat load) stimulates cutaneous vasodilation. True or False - Answer>>True As in underwater weighing, _________ can measure body volume using a chamber (e.g., Bod Pod) that detects small changes in pressure. -bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) -dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) -ultrasound -air displacement plethysmography - Answer>>air displacement plethysmography
The first line of defense in protecting against pH change during exercise is __________. -sodium bicarbonate levels in the blood -hemoglobin levels in the blood -intracellular buffers within muscle fibers -plasma bicarbonate - Answer>>intracellular buffers within muscle fibers Low energy diets can lead to loss of muscle mass and strength that can be prevented by addition of ________. -aerobic training -resistance training - Answer>>resistance training _________ --> Receptors (skin and core) --> Integrator (Preoptic-anterior hypothalamus) --> Effectors (Shivering, Cutaneous vasoconstriction, catecholamine release, thyroxin release) Above shows the physiological response to ______ in the temperature ragulation. -Heat Load -Cold - Answer>>Cold Macronutrients include ______________. -Fats, proteins, and vitamins -Water, proteins, minerals, and carbohydrates -Fats, proteins, water, and carbohydrates -Fats, proteins, water, and trace elements - Answer>>Fats, proteins, water, and carbohydrates
-amount of oxygen required to maintain a steady state during constant-load exercise -amount of oxygen utilized by the brain in the first few minutes of exercise - Answer>>lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of constant-load exercise During prolonged (>30min), moderate (40-50% VO2max) intensity exercise, as time goes on A metabolism increases and B metabolism decreases. -(A) %Fat, (B) %CHO -(A) %CHO, (B) %Fat - Answer>>(A) %Fat, (B) %CHO Rate limiting enzymes are often located _________. -near the beginning of a metabolic pathway -near the end of a metabolic pathway -outside of the main metabolic pathway -None of these answers is correct - Answer>>near the beginning of a metabolic pathway Lactate produced by skeletal muscle cannot be transported to the liver. (Hint: Cori Cycle) True or False - Answer>>False _________ are primary fuel during prolonged low intensity exercise. -Carbohydrates -Fats
-Proteins -All of them - Answer>>Fats Body temperature increases during exercise. A 1-2ºC increase in muscle temperature during exercise would likely _________. -increase enzyme activity -decrease enzyme activity -denatures enzymes -None of these answers is correct - Answer>>increase enzyme activity Which of the three major energy pathways contribute at each of the various times of exercise: A: first 30 seconds B: 30 seconds --> 2 min C: 2min --> hours Find which energy pathway is A,B, and C. -(A) ATP-PC, (B) Oxidative Phosphorylation, (C) Glycolysis -(A) Glycolysis, (B) Oxidative Phosphorylation, (C) ATP-PC -(A) ATP-PC, (B) Glycolysis, (C) Oxidative Phosphorylation
-homeostasis -effector -a steady state -changing internal environment - Answer>>a steady state After the first few minutes of constant-load, submaximal exercise, VO2 reaches steady state, which indicates that __________. -the ATP demand is being met aerobically -levels of lactic acid in the blood are very high -the exercise can be continued indefinitely without fatigue -the oxygen uptake is not sufficient to meet the ATP demand - Answer>>the ATP demand is being met aerobically During prolonged, high intensity exercise (>75% VO2 max), the slow rise in oxygen consumption over time is due, in part, to __________. -low blood levels of lactic acid -rising blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine -rising blood levels of insulin -a decrease in blood glucose levels - Answer>>rising blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine The immediate source of energy for muscular contraction is __________. -NAD -FAD
-ATP
-GTP - Answer>>ATP The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called __________. -beta oxidation -glycogenolysis -lipolysis -lipogenesis - Answer>>lipolysis As compared to untrained subjects, lactate threshold usually appears at higher work rates (=exercise intensity) in trained subjects. True or False - Answer>>True The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake at which there is a systematic __________. (Here, lactic actice = lactate) -rise in blood levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) -rise in aerobic metabolism -decrease in blood lactic acid concentration -rise in blood levels of lactic acid - Answer>>rise in blood levels of lactic acid The process of beta-oxidation involves _________. -the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose
Which of the following exercise intensities would rely primarily on carbohydrate as a fuel source? -30% of VO2 max. -40% of VO2 max. -55% of VO2 max. -90% of VO2 max. - Answer>>90% of VO2 max. Which of the following is true about VO2 during exercise? -VO2 increases linearly with work rate (exercise intensity). -VO2 is an indicator of glycolytic ATP production. -VO2 drops sharply just prior to fatigue. -None of these is true. - Answer>>VO2 increases linearly with work rate (exercise intensity). In general, the higher the intensity of exercise, the greater the contribution of __________. -aerobic energy production -anaerobic energy production -the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) to the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation -None of these answers is correct - Answer>>anaerobic energy production Which of the following statements about glycolysis is correct? -glycolysis occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. -glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose or glycogen into two molecules of pyruvate or lactate.
-glycolysis can start with the breakdown of fatty acids. -glycolysis does NOT directly produce ATP. - Answer>>glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose or glycogen into two molecules of pyruvate or lactate. During the "rapid" portion of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the excess VO2 is due to __________. -high body temperature -gluconeogenesis -restoration of muscle CP and replacement of blood and -muscle oxygen stores -elevated blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine - Answer>>restoration of muscle CP and replacement of blood and muscle oxygen stores Most of the carbohydrate used as a substrate during high-intensity exercise comes from __________. -muscle glycogen -blood glucose -liver glycogen -glycogen stored in fat cells - Answer>>muscle glycogen Compared to NADH, FADH produces less ATP because _________. -FADH has a lower molecular mass than NADH -FADH enters the electron transport chain through ATPase -the electrons from FADH enter the electron transport chain later than those by NADH
-a combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism, with anaerobic metabolism producing the bulk of the ATP -anaerobic metabolism -anaerobic metabolism, with the ATP-PC system producing the bulk of the ATP - Answer>>aerobic metabolism A respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R) of 0.95 during steady-state exercise is suggestive of a(n) __________. -high rate of carbohydrate metabolism -high rate of fat metabolism -equal rate of fat/carbohydrate metabolism -high rate of protein metabolism - Answer>>high rate of carbohydrate metabolism The bioenergetic pathway that first provides ATP for skeletal muscle at the onset of exercise is __________. -glycolysis -the ATP-CP system -the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) -the electron transport chain - Answer>>the ATP-CP system Prolonged submaximal exercise in a hot & humid environment will result in a "_______" drift in oxygen uptake over time. -downward -upward
-fluctuated -unpredictable - Answer>>upward As exercise intensity (%VO2 Max) increases, (A) increases and (B) decreases in terms of the % of total fuel source used. Muscle Fuel Sources: (A), Plasma Glucose, (B), Muscle Triglycerides -(A) Muscle FFA, (B) Plasma glycogen -(A) Muscle glycogen, (B) Plasma FFA - Answer>>(A) Muscle glycogen, (B) Plasma FFA Triglycerides are comprised of __________. -glycerol and cholesterol -FFA and glycerol -sterols and glycerol -None of these is correct - Answer>>FFA and glycerol By definition, an endergonic reaction is __________. -a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place -a chemical reaction that gives off energy -an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
-that a direct relationship exists between oxygen consumed and the amount of heat produced in the body. -that measurement of oxygen consumption provides a direct estimate of how much fat is used a fuel source. - Answer>>that a direct relationship exists between oxygen consumed and the amount of heat produced in the body. What is the order of the three contractions that can be seen in an image of the the impact of motor neuron firing rate on the muscle force production. X-axis: Stimuli ; Y-axis: Force -(a) simple twitches, (b) tetanus, (c) summation -(a) simple twitches, (b) summation, (c) tetanus -(a) tetanus, (b) summation, (c) relaxation -(a) simple twitches, (b) relaxation, (c) tetanus - Answer>>(a) simple twitches, (b) summation, (c) tetanus __________ is the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. -Motor junction -Motor unit -Motor end plate -Motor nerve - Answer>>Motor unit Fast-twitch fibers (i.e., type IIx) contain a relatively _______________. -large number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity -small number of mitochondria and low ATPase activity
-small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity -moderate numbers of mitochondria and low ATPase activity - Answer>>small number of mitochondria and high ATPase activity The knee-jerk reflex is an example of the action of _______________. -muscle spindles -Golgi tendon organs -Golgi type receptors -satellite cells - Answer>>muscle spindles When activated, the Golgi tendon organs send information to the spinal cord via sensory neurons, which in turn stimulates _________ neurons. -excitatory -inhibitory - Answer>>inhibitory During exercise, activity of parasympathetic nervous system (a) and sympathetic nervous system (b). -(a) increases, (b) increases -(a) decreases, (b) decreases -(a) increases, (b) decreases -(a) decreases, (b) increases - Answer>>(a) decreases, (b) increases As a result of training, the sympathetic nervous system's response to a fixed submaximal work rate _______________.
