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APHY 101 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM |QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS |100 OUT OF 100 |LATEST 2025/ 2026
UPDATE |GRADED A- IVY TECH
Question:
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Answer:
anatomy is study of body structure and physiology is study of how those structures work
Question:
What are the levels of organization and define each
Answer:
organelle: cell structure that carries out special function in the cell cell: basic unit of structure & function in a living thing tissue: a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function organism: a living thing made of a group of organ systems
Question:
What are the characteristics of life and define each
Answer:
Responsiveness to the environment, growth and change, ability to reproduce, have a metabolism and
breathe, maintain homeostasis, being made of cells, passing traits to offspring
Question:
what are the requirements of life? why is each important?
Answer:
water: needed to transport substances to regulate the body food: needed to supply energy and for regulation oxygen: needed to help release energy from food substances heat: needed to regulate the rate of metabolic processes pressure: needed for breathing and circulation
Question:
Define homeostasis
Answer:
Maintaining a stable internal environment
Question:
what is a homeostatic mechanism
Answer:
tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions in the environment
Question:
Define decomposition
Answer:
the process of breaking down deliverables and project work into smaller more manageable components.
Question:
Define exchange reaction Answer:
parts of molecules trade places
Question:
What is a reactant?
Answer:
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
Question:
What is a product?
Answer:
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Question:
What is a catalyst?
Answer:
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Question:
what happens / what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
Answer:
water molecules pull sodium and chloride apart, breaking the ionic bond - a homogeneous system is produced
Question:
what is an acid?
Answer:
An acid is a source of hydrogen ions, H⁺
Question:
What is a base?
Answer:
proton acceptor
Question:
What is the pH scale?
Question:
What are carbohydrates?
Answer:
sugars and starches
Question:
What are lipids?
Answer:
fats
Question:
What are proteins? Answer:
polymers of amino acids
Question:
What are nucleic acids?
Answer:
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Question:
explain the structure of a triglyceride
Answer:
glycerol backbone and three fatty acids bonded to the backbone in an ester linkage
Question:
Explain phospholipids
Answer:
class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue
Question:
explain steroid molecules
Answer:
class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
Question:
what is the function of a triglyceride Answer:
store unused calories and provide energy
Question:
difference between dna and rna
Answer:
DNA has two strands but RNA has just one
Question:
Describe the cell membrane
Answer:
controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer
Question:
Describe the nucleus
Answer:
Holds DNA and controls the cell
Question:
Describe cytoplasm gelatinous material inside the cell composed of cytosol, inclusions, Answer:
ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton
Question:
Describe the cytosol acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions Answer:
into and out of the cell.
Question:
Define organelle any number of organized or specialized Answer:
structures within a living cell.
Question:
Functions of the cell membrane a physical barrier, regulation of the passage Answer:
of materials, sensitivity and support
Question:
structure of cell membrane
Answer:
Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Question:
primary function of ribosome decoding the message and Answer:
the formation of peptide bonds.
Question:
primary function of peroxisome oxidize certain Answer:
molecules normally found in the cell
Question:
primary function of centrosomes
Answer:
duplicates and then helps with cell division
Question:
primary function of cilla moves water relative to the cell in Answer:
a regular movement of cilla
Question:
primary function of flagella functions as a sensory organelle being sensitive to
Answer:
chemicals and temperatures outside the cell
Question:
main function of vesicle help move proteins and molecules from Answer:
one part of the cell to another
Question:
function of nuclear envelope creates a barrier between cytoplasm and eukaryotic cells. Answer:
control substance in and out of nucleus
Question:
function of nuclear pores
Answer:
Regulate the movement of materials across the nuclear envelope
Question:
function of nucleolus Answer:
produces ribosomes
Question:
function of chromatin
Question:
Define endocytosis the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its Answer:
membrane to form a vacuole.
Question:
Define phagocytosis Answer:
cellular eating Define pinocytosis
Answer:
Cell drinking
Question:
Define exocytosis
Answer:
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Question:
Does diffusion require ATP?
Answer:
No, it is passive. No cellular energy is required
Question:
Does osmosis require ATP?
Answer:
no
Question:
Define osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively Answer:
permeable membrane
Question:
Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?
yes
Question:
does transcytosis require ATP?
Answer:
No
Question:
Define transcytosis.
Answer:
receptor mediated transport from one side of a cell to the other of a macromolecule
Question:
what is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
Answer:
Isotonic means no net water movement, no change in size of cell Hypertonic means water will leave the cell Hypotonic means water will enter the cell
Question:
Explain Interphase
Answer:
the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division
Question:
Explain prophase
Answer:
During prophase, the chromosomes condense into shapes that can be seen under a microscope.
Question:
Explain Metaphase
Answer:
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Question:
Explain Anaphase
Answer:
During Anaphase, The centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. Each chromatid is now called a chromosome. These chromosomes are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.
Question:
Explain Telophase
Answer:
