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Human Anatomy & Physiology: Levels of Organization, Life, and Cells, Assignments of Biology

A comprehensive overview of fundamental concepts in human anatomy and physiology, covering the levels of organization, characteristics of life, and cellular structures. It delves into the structure and function of various cell components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles. The document also explores key processes like diffusion, active transport, and cellular respiration, providing a solid foundation for understanding the intricate workings of the human body.

Typology: Assignments

2024/2025

Available from 04/13/2025

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APHY 101 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM |QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS |100 OUT OF 100 |LATEST 2025/ 2026
UPDATE |GRADED A- IVY TECH
Question:
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Answer:
anatomy is study of body structure and physiology is study of how those structures work
Question:
What are the levels of organization and define each
Answer:
organelle: cell structure that carries out special function in the cell cell:
basic unit of structure & function in a living thing tissue: a group of
similar cells that are organized to do a specific job organ: a collection of
tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system:
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
organism: a living thing made of a group of organ systems
Question:
What are the characteristics of life and define each
Answer:
Responsiveness to the environment, growth and change, ability to reproduce, have a metabolism
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APHY 101 MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM |QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS |100 OUT OF 100 |LATEST 2025/ 2026

UPDATE |GRADED A- IVY TECH

Question:

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Answer:

anatomy is study of body structure and physiology is study of how those structures work

Question:

What are the levels of organization and define each

Answer:

organelle: cell structure that carries out special function in the cell cell: basic unit of structure & function in a living thing tissue: a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function organism: a living thing made of a group of organ systems

Question:

What are the characteristics of life and define each

Answer:

Responsiveness to the environment, growth and change, ability to reproduce, have a metabolism and

breathe, maintain homeostasis, being made of cells, passing traits to offspring

Question:

what are the requirements of life? why is each important?

Answer:

water: needed to transport substances to regulate the body food: needed to supply energy and for regulation oxygen: needed to help release energy from food substances heat: needed to regulate the rate of metabolic processes pressure: needed for breathing and circulation

Question:

Define homeostasis

Answer:

Maintaining a stable internal environment

Question:

what is a homeostatic mechanism

Answer:

tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions in the environment

Question:

Define decomposition

Answer:

the process of breaking down deliverables and project work into smaller more manageable components.

Question:

Define exchange reaction Answer:

parts of molecules trade places

Question:

What is a reactant?

Answer:

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

Question:

What is a product?

Answer:

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Question:

What is a catalyst?

Answer:

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Question:

what happens / what is produced when salts dissolve in water?

Answer:

water molecules pull sodium and chloride apart, breaking the ionic bond - a homogeneous system is produced

Question:

what is an acid?

Answer:

An acid is a source of hydrogen ions, H⁺

Question:

What is a base?

Answer:

proton acceptor

Question:

What is the pH scale?

Question:

What are carbohydrates?

Answer:

sugars and starches

Question:

What are lipids?

Answer:

fats

Question:

What are proteins? Answer:

polymers of amino acids

Question:

What are nucleic acids?

Answer:

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Question:

explain the structure of a triglyceride

Answer:

glycerol backbone and three fatty acids bonded to the backbone in an ester linkage

Question:

Explain phospholipids

Answer:

class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue

Question:

explain steroid molecules

Answer:

class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings.

Question:

what is the function of a triglyceride Answer:

store unused calories and provide energy

Question:

difference between dna and rna

Answer:

DNA has two strands but RNA has just one

Question:

Describe the cell membrane

Answer:

controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer

Question:

Describe the nucleus

Answer:

Holds DNA and controls the cell

Question:

Describe cytoplasm gelatinous material inside the cell composed of cytosol, inclusions, Answer:

ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton

Question:

Describe the cytosol acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions Answer:

into and out of the cell.

Question:

Define organelle any number of organized or specialized Answer:

structures within a living cell.

Question:

Functions of the cell membrane a physical barrier, regulation of the passage Answer:

of materials, sensitivity and support

Question:

structure of cell membrane

Answer:

Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Question:

primary function of ribosome decoding the message and Answer:

the formation of peptide bonds.

Question:

primary function of peroxisome oxidize certain Answer:

molecules normally found in the cell

Question:

primary function of centrosomes

Answer:

duplicates and then helps with cell division

Question:

primary function of cilla moves water relative to the cell in Answer:

a regular movement of cilla

Question:

primary function of flagella functions as a sensory organelle being sensitive to

Answer:

chemicals and temperatures outside the cell

Question:

main function of vesicle help move proteins and molecules from Answer:

one part of the cell to another

Question:

function of nuclear envelope creates a barrier between cytoplasm and eukaryotic cells. Answer:

control substance in and out of nucleus

Question:

function of nuclear pores

Answer:

Regulate the movement of materials across the nuclear envelope

Question:

function of nucleolus Answer:

produces ribosomes

Question:

function of chromatin

Question:

Define endocytosis the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its Answer:

membrane to form a vacuole.

Question:

Define phagocytosis Answer:

cellular eating Define pinocytosis

Answer:

Cell drinking

Question:

Define exocytosis

Answer:

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Question:

Does diffusion require ATP?

Answer:

No, it is passive. No cellular energy is required

Question:

Does osmosis require ATP?

Answer:

no

Question:

Define osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively Answer:

permeable membrane

Question:

Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?

yes

Question:

does transcytosis require ATP?

Answer:

No

Question:

Define transcytosis.

Answer:

receptor mediated transport from one side of a cell to the other of a macromolecule

Question:

what is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions

Answer:

Isotonic means no net water movement, no change in size of cell Hypertonic means water will leave the cell Hypotonic means water will enter the cell

Question:

Explain Interphase

Answer:

the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division

Question:

Explain prophase

Answer:

During prophase, the chromosomes condense into shapes that can be seen under a microscope.

Question:

Explain Metaphase

Answer:

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Question:

Explain Anaphase

Answer:

During Anaphase, The centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. Each chromatid is now called a chromosome. These chromosomes are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.

Question:

Explain Telophase

Answer: