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A comprehensive overview of fundamental concepts in human anatomy and physiology, covering the levels of organization, characteristics of life, and cellular structures. It delves into the structure and function of various cell components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles. The document also explores key processes like diffusion, active transport, and cellular respiration, providing a solid foundation for understanding the intricate workings of the human body.
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What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
anatomy is study of body structure and physiology is study of how those structures work
What are the levels of organization and define each
organelle: cell structure that carries out special function in the cell cell: basic unit of structure & function in a living thing tissue: a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function organism: a living thing made of a group of organ systems
What are the characteristics of life and define each
Responsiveness to the environment, growth and change, ability to reproduce, have a metabolism and
breathe, maintain homeostasis, being made of cells, passing traits to offspring
what are the requirements of life? why is each important?
water: needed to transport substances to regulate the body food: needed to supply energy and for regulation oxygen: needed to help release energy from food substances heat: needed to regulate the rate of metabolic processes pressure: needed for breathing and circulation
Define homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
what is a homeostatic mechanism
tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions in the environment
Define decomposition
the process of breaking down deliverables and project work into smaller more manageable components.
parts of molecules trade places
What is a reactant?
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
What is a product?
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
What is a catalyst?
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
what happens / what is produced when salts dissolve in water?
water molecules pull sodium and chloride apart, breaking the ionic bond - a homogeneous system is produced
what is an acid?
An acid is a source of hydrogen ions, H⁺
What is a base?
proton acceptor
What is the pH scale?
What are carbohydrates?
sugars and starches
What are lipids?
fats
polymers of amino acids
What are nucleic acids?
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
explain the structure of a triglyceride
glycerol backbone and three fatty acids bonded to the backbone in an ester linkage
Explain phospholipids
class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue
explain steroid molecules
class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
store unused calories and provide energy
difference between dna and rna
DNA has two strands but RNA has just one
Describe the cell membrane
controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer
Describe the nucleus
Holds DNA and controls the cell
ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton
into and out of the cell.
structures within a living cell.
of materials, sensitivity and support
structure of cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails
the formation of peptide bonds.
molecules normally found in the cell
primary function of centrosomes
duplicates and then helps with cell division
a regular movement of cilla
primary function of flagella functions as a sensory organelle being sensitive to
chemicals and temperatures outside the cell
one part of the cell to another
control substance in and out of nucleus
function of nuclear pores
Regulate the movement of materials across the nuclear envelope
produces ribosomes
function of chromatin
membrane to form a vacuole.
cellular eating Define pinocytosis
Cell drinking
Define exocytosis
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
Does diffusion require ATP?
No, it is passive. No cellular energy is required
Does osmosis require ATP?
no
permeable membrane
Does facilitated diffusion require ATP?
yes
does transcytosis require ATP?
No
Define transcytosis.
receptor mediated transport from one side of a cell to the other of a macromolecule
what is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions
Isotonic means no net water movement, no change in size of cell Hypertonic means water will leave the cell Hypotonic means water will enter the cell
Explain Interphase
the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division
Explain prophase
During prophase, the chromosomes condense into shapes that can be seen under a microscope.
Explain Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Explain Anaphase
During Anaphase, The centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. Each chromatid is now called a chromosome. These chromosomes are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.
Explain Telophase