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APHY 101 MIDTERM EXAM (Latest Update) Question And
Answers with Verified Elaborations (GRADED A)
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study of structures in the body and physiology is the study of functions of the body What are the levels of organization? subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism subatomic particles electrons, protons, neutrons atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom molecule water molecule, glucose molecule macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule organelle
mitochondrion, golgi apparatus cell muscle cell, nerve cell tissue simple squamous epithelium, bone organ skin, femur, heart, kidney organ system integumentary system, skeletal system, digestive system organism human what are the characteristics of life? movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion movement
Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions What are the requirements of life? water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure heat to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions pressure atmospheric pressure for breathing; hydrostatic pressure to help circulate blood oxygen to help release energy from food substances Define homeostasis the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment
what is a homeostatic mechanism? how the body maintains homeostasis through self-regulating receptors provide information about specific conditions in the internal environment define matter matter is anything that has weight and takes up space what is the basic unit of matter atoms define element matter with specific chemical properties define atom smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of that element what is the structure of an atom
a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound decomposition reaction a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances exchange reaction Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products What is a reactant? a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. What is a product? The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. Define catalyst substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction What happens and what is produced when salts dissolve in water? water dissociates the salt What is an acid? substances that release hydrogen ions
what is a base? What is the pH scale? a measure of how many free H+ ions there are in a solution Alkalosis 7.5-7. Acidosis 7.0-7. organic molecule compounds that have carbon and hydrogen What is dehydration synthesis? the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water What is hydrolysis? Enzymatically adding parts of a water molecule to split a bond
building blocks of proteins Enzymes catalysts living in living systems difference between DNA and RNA DNA is deoxyribose sugar and is double chain (store information), RNA is ribose sugar and single stranded (use information to construct proteins) cell membrane A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. cytosol The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Organelles are like tiny organs within cells. structure of cell membrane
lipid bilayer of phospholipids and proteins function of ribosomes protein synthesis function of smooth ER lipid synthesis function of rough ER site of protein production function of golgi apparatus Modify, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for starage in the cell or secretion outside the cell function of mitochondria ATP production function of lysosomes digest/break down food, waste, and broken parts function of peroxisomes
Define osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Define facilitated diffusion Passive transport of molecules across a biological membrane via trans-membrane proteins. Define endocytosis the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. Define transcytosis. receptor mediated transport from one side of a cell to the other of a macromolecule isotonic solution A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution hypotonic solution A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution Interphase period of the cell cycle between cell divisions prophase Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell telophase After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm during cell division anabolism small molecules are built up into larger ones, requiring energy catabolism
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose. stages of aerobic respiration
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain What is glycolysis? the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. What is the electron transport chain? a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria What are the characteristics of DNA? complementary, composed of nucleotides, antiparallel, doubled-stranded What are the characteristics of RNA? RNA is single stranded, contains uracil, and has ribosome sugar What is a nucleotide? a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
what are the organic bases of DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine A matches to T C matches to G How is RNA made? DNA transcription how is protein made? Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide (protein) chains What is transcription? The process of making RNA from DNA What is translation? RNA to protein
What is lacunae? small cavities that contain osteocytes What is osteocytes? mature bone cells What is lamellae? rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae What is canaliculi? Hair like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal what are the three types of muscle tissue? skeletal, cardiac, smooth what is a neuron? a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system What are neuroglial cells? they are support cells that surround neurons and provide nutrients, immune support, and appropriate external environment
what is the epidermis? outermost layer of skin what is the dermis? Support layer below the epidermis what is the subcutaneous? under the skin, fat cells what is the arrector pili muscle? bundle of smooth muscle cells attached to each hair follicle, goosebumps what is a sebaceous gland? a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair What is the apocrine gland? Confined to axillary, and anogenital areas. Ducts connect to hair follicles, functional from puberty onward, secret Sebum. What is the eccrine gland? sweat gland
