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APHY 101 IVY TECH MIDTERM REVIEW EXAM (
OUT OF 100) LATEST UPDATE (GRADED A)
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? anatomy is study of body structure and physiology is study of how those structures work What are the levels of organization and define each organelle: cell structure that carries out special function in the cell cell: basic unit of structure & function in a living thing tissue: a group of similar cells that are organized to do a specific job organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function organism: a living thing made of a group of organ systems What are the characteristics of life and define each Responsiveness to the environment, growth and change, ability to reproduce, have a metabolism and breathe, maintain homeostasis, being made of cells, passing traits to offspring what are the requirements of life? why is each important? water: needed to transport substances to regulate the body food: needed to supply energy and for regulation oxygen: needed to help release energy from food substances heat: needed to regulate the rate of metabolic processes pressure: needed for breathing and circulation
Define homeostasis Maintaining a stable internal environment what is a homeostatic mechanism tendency to maintain relatively constant conditions in the environment Define matter, element and atom. What is the basic unit of matter? matter: any substance that has mass and takes up space atom: smallest unit of ordinary matter basic unit of matter: atoms what is the structure of an atom protons, neutrons, electrons define nucleus, proton, neutron, and electron. What charges do each of these particles have? nucleus: central core of an atom, positive proton: stable subatomic particle, positive neutron: subatomic particle, no charge electron: stable subatomic particle, negative We have an expert-written solution to this problem! what are covalent, ionic and hydrogen bonds and what are the differences between the three? covalent: 2 atoms shared 1 or more molecules
what happens / what is produced when salts dissolve in water? water molecules pull sodium and chloride apart, breaking the ionic bond - a homogeneous system is produced what is an acid? An acid is a source of hydrogen ions, H⁺ What is a base? proton acceptor What is the pH scale? measures how acidic or basic a substance is what ions are involved in the ph scale hydrogen and hydroxide ions what is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule Organic molecules have carbon-hydrogen bonds. Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. What is dehydration synthesis? the process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal o f water
What is hydrolysis? the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. What are carbohydrates? sugars and starches What are lipids? fats What are proteins? polymers of amino acids What are nucleic acids? macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus explain the structure of a triglyceride glycerol backbone and three fatty acids bonded to the backbone in an ester linkage Explain phospholipids class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group, and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue
Describe the cell membrane controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer Describe the nucleus Holds DNA and controls the cell Describe cytoplasm gelatinous material inside the cell composed of cytosol, inclusions, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton Describe the cytosol acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. Define organelle any number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. Functions of the cell membrane a physical barrier, regulation of the passage of materials, sensitivity and support structure of cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer; hydrophilic head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails
primary function of ribosome decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds. primary function of smooth er synthesize lipids primary function of rough er produce proteins for rest of cell to function primary function of golgi apparatus packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery primary function of mitochondria generate energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions primary function of lysosome break down excess or worn out cell parts primary function of peroxisome oxidize certain molecules normally found in the cell primary function of centrosomes
efficiently package DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence Define diffusion movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration Define facilitated diffusion Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels Define filtration the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture Define active transport the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. Define endocytosis the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. Define phagocytosis cellular eating
Define pinocytosis Cell drinking Define exocytosis a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. Does diffusion require ATP? No, it is passive. No cellular energy is required Does osmosis require ATP? no Define osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Does facilitated diffusion require ATP? No because a concentration gradient has been created. Only active diffusion requires ATP. Does filtration require ATP? No
Explain prophase During prophase, the chromosomes condense into shapes that can be seen under a microscope. Explain Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Explain Anaphase During Anaphase, The centromere of each chromosome splits, pulling the chromatids apart. Each chromatid is now called a chromosome. These chromosomes are drawn by their spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell. Explain Telophase The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and begin to unwind their spindle fibers. After that, A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the nucleoli reform and ribosomes are assembled. As the nucleoli forms, the cell's cytoplasm begins to divide. Explain cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides and two nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cells What is anabolism? building up
What is catabolism? breaking down What is an enzyme? a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. How does an enzyme convert a substrate to a product? enzyme will bind to one or more molecules what is the active site on an enzyme the part where the substrate binds define denaturization modification of the structure of a protein What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport. How is ATP made? glycolysis and cellular respiration
begins with glucose and ends with 2 pyruvate molecules What is anaerobic respiration? the release of energy from glucose without using oxygen. This produces lactic acid. how many atp produced in anaerobic respiration 2 what else is made in anaerobic respiration glycolysis where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur fluid portion of the cytoplasm What is the electron transport chain? a series of proteins in the inner membrane of mitochondria How does the electron transport chain make atp oxidative phosphorylation characteristics of dna composed to two side by side chains of nucleotides, twisted into a double helix
what does DNA do DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. What does RNA look like? single stranded helix What does RNA do in a cell? RNA plays a major role in protein synthesis What is a nucleotide? Nitrogen base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate group what is the organic base of DNA A T C G what is the organic base of RNA uracil How is RNA made? DNA transcription
How is DNA replicated? the two strands of DNA unzip, new bases are added (ATGC). What is a mutation? any change in the DNA sequence What is a tissue? A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function. Four types of tissue epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous characteristics of epithelial tissue cells laid in sheets tightly connected to each other How are epithelial tissues named? number of layers and shape of cells where do you find each of the main epithelial tissues line outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels and inner surfaces of cavities and internal organs
define glandular epithelium specialized epithelial cells that secret bodily products general characteristics of connective tissue? composed of nonliving extracellular matrix that separates the cells of the tissue present in between tissues and around organs. general characteristics of cell types cell membrane, organelle, cytoplasm, dna characteristics of fiber types absorbing, comes in various shapes and sizes What is the matrix? innermost compartment of the mitochondria characteristics of cartilige thin avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces Define chondrocytes mature cartilage cells
