Download APHY 101 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025- 2026 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
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What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - correct answer Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts
What are the levels of organization? - correct answer subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the requirements of life? - correct answer Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
What are the characteristics of life? - correct answer Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
Define homeostasis - correct answer Body's maintenance of a stable environment
What is a homeostatic mechanism? - correct answer the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Define matter - correct answer Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.
Define element - correct answer fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms
Define atoms - correct answer smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
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What is the structure of an atom? - correct answer An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in
orbit around the nucleus.
Atomic nucleus - correct answer the nucleus contains protons and neutrons
Proton - correct answer subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Neutron - correct answer subatomic particle that has no charge
Electron - correct answer subatomic particle that has a negative charge
Atomic number - correct answer number or protons in nucleus
Atomic mass - correct answer number of protons plus number of neutrons
What are covalent bonds? - correct answer Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled
outer shells
What are ionic bonds? - correct answer 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
What are hydrogen bonds? - correct answer Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules
Define ion - correct answer When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
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Basic solution - correct answer pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? - correct answer organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - correct answer Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.
What are carbohydrates? - correct answer Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
What are lipids? - correct answer Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
What are proteins? - correct answer Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers
Play vital role in metabolism
bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
What are nucleic acids? - correct answer Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA.
Fats (triglycerides) - correct answer Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
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Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
Saturated and unsaturated
phospholipids - correct answer major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system
2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule
steroids - correct answer 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol
Define amino acids - correct answer building block of proteins
What are enzymes? - correct answer large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - correct answer RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
cell membrane - correct answer regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells
nucleus - correct answer surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production
cytoplasm - correct answer consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles
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Peroxisome - correct answer contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of
bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol
Centrosome - correct answer structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division
Cilia - correct answer motile extensions from the cell
Flagella - correct answer long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move
Vesicle - correct answer small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
nuclear envelope - correct answer a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm
nuclear pores - correct answer regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together
nucleolus - correct answer The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein
chromatin - correct answer It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA
diffusion - correct answer the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached
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osmosis - correct answer transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute
facilitated diffusion - correct answer a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
filtration - correct answer passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
active transport - correct answer a carrier molecule transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - correct answer active transport mechanism in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell
transcytosis - correct answer the transport of macromolecular cargo from one side of a cell to the other within a membrane-bounded carrier
transport mechanisms that are passive mechanisms - correct answer simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
filtration
What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? - correct answer A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic.
What is a hypotonic solution? - correct answer the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst
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in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP.
What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - correct answer The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell does it take place? - correct answer Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm.
What is the electron transport chain? - correct answer The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase
What are the characteristics of DNA? - correct answer Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs."
What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - correct answer (A) adenine
(T) thymine
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - correct answer A T
C G
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - correct answer Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis.
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Nucleotides - correct answer Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases
What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - correct answer A) adenine
(T) uracil
(C) cytosine
(G) guanine
How is RNA made? - correct answer All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases.
List the steps of protein synthesis. - correct answer During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds.
Transcription - correct answer the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA
Translation - correct answer The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids.
codons - correct answer set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids
How does DNA replicate? - correct answer During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs.
The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old.
Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-phosphate backbone.
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are all located near the basement membrane; it lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - correct answer These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the
row of cells, but are not truly layered; in the female reproductive tract, cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the oviducts to the uterus
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - correct answer layers of flattened cells that are designed to
protect underlying layers; it makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - correct answer three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the
mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
Stratified Columnar Epithelium - correct answer several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx
Transitional Epithelium - correct answer designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder
What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? Cell types? Fiber types? - correct answer Bind, support protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells; The fibroblast is the most common cell type, and is a large, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is fixed into position; Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together
Adipose Tissue - correct answer connective tissue designed to store fat; it is found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes
Dense Connective Tissue - correct answer Densely packed collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments.
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Cartilage - correct answer rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework; lacks blood supply
3 types of cartilage - correct answer Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
condrocyte - correct answer cartilage cell
osteocyte - correct answer bone cell
Canaliculi - correct answer small channels through matrix; necessary for nutrient and wast exchange
3 types of muscle tissue - correct answer skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
skeletal muscle tissue - correct answer muscles attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle tissue; long and narrow cells
smooth muscle tissue - correct answer comprises walls of hollow internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of internal organs
cardiac muscle tissue - correct answer heart movements; involuntary
difference between neurons and neuroglia - correct answer Neurons are highly specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another; the basic functional units of nervous tissue
Neuroglia brace and protect neurons, but are not capable of generating and transmitting nerve impulses.
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Medullary cavity - correct answer The diaphysis contains a hollow medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow.
Periosteum - correct answer tough layer of vascular connective tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons
What is compact bone? - correct answer tightly packed tissue that covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps
Spongy bone? - correct answer Lighter section of the bone often filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of.
Describe the process of ossification. - correct answer Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity.
What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - correct answer A band of hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers; responsible for lengthening bones
It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it controls the growth of long bones.
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - correct answer Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone
What are the functions of the skeletal system? - correct answer Supports the body, protects innards, production of blood cells, provide place for muscle attachment, store minerals and salts
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What is the axial skeleton? - correct answer skull, spine, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton - correct answer Upper limbs, Lower limbs, Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle
What are the steps of fracture repair? - correct answer hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling by osteoclasts to get back to its original shape
How are bones classified? - correct answer according to their shapes -- long, short, flat or irregular
synovial joint - correct answer most common and complex joint in skeletal system; allow free movement and are diarthrotic
it consists of articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments
articular cartilage - correct answer reduces wear on the bone ends and minimizes friction
joint capsule - correct answer consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum, and an inner layer made up of synovial membrane
ligament - correct answer tough collagenous fibers that reinforce the joint capsule and help bind articular ends of bones
synovial membrane - correct answer covers surfaces within the joint capsule
synovial fluid - correct answer comes from the synovial membrane, egg white consistency, decreases friction from movement of joint; it lubricates the joint and nourishes the structures in the joint
meniscus - correct answer cushion articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight
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PRONATION - correct answer (opposite of supination) the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces down. this is the relaxed position.
ROTATION - correct answer turning a bone on the long axis like shaking the head no
CIRCUMDUCTION - correct answer moving the distal end of a limb in a circle and the proximal end is stationary
EXTENSION - correct answer increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further apart
DORSIFLEXION - correct answer lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approaches the shin, like rocking on your heels
PLANTAR FLEXION - correct answer pointing the toes downward, like on your tip toes
ABDUCTION - correct answer moving a limb away from the midline or median
ADDUCTION - correct answer moving a limb towards the midline
fascia - correct answer sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place
tendon - correct answer bands of dense connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone
aponeuroses - correct answer sheets of connective tissue which may attach muscle to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles
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explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - correct answer myofibrils contain 2 kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber.
myofibril - correct answer parallel, threadlike structures; bundles of protein in a muscle cell; play a fundamental role in muscle contraction; long bundles of contractile proteins found in the sarcoplasm
Which are components of thin filaments? - correct answer actin, troponin, tropomyosin
myosin - correct answer makes up thick filaments
sarcolemma - correct answer plasma membrane of a muscle cell
sarcomere - correct answer distance between Z lines; extends from one Z line to the next and constitutes one contractile unit of a muscle
sarcoplasm - correct answer the cytoplasm found in muscle cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum - correct answer endoplasmic reticulum of other cells
transverse tubules - correct answer The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules activate the muscle contraction mechanism when the fiber is stimulated.
What is the function of actin and myosin? - correct answer According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, the myosin crossbridge attaches to the binding site on the actin filament and bends, pulling on the actin filament; it then releases and attaches to the next binding site on the actin, pulling again
What is the neuromuscular junction? - correct answer the connection between the motor neuron and muscle fiber
