Download APHY 101 Final Exam | Anatomy and Physiology 1 |Latest 2025/ 2026 Update| Q&A and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY 101 Final Exam | Anatomy and Physiology 1
|Latest 2025/ 2026 Update| Questions and Answers |
100% Guaranteed Pass |GRADED A
Question:
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Answer:
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts
Question:
What are the levels of organization?
Answer:
subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Question:
What are the requirements of life?
Answer:
Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Question:
What are the characteristics of life?
Answer:
Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids);
Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
Question:
Define homeostasis
Answer:
Body's maintenance of a stable environment
Question:
What is a homeostatic mechanism?
Answer:
the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure
Question:
Define matter
Answer:
Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements.
Question:
Define element fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms
Question:
Define atoms
Answer:
smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
Question:
Atomic mass number of protons plus number of neutrons
Question:
What are covalent bonds?
Answer:
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells
Question:
What are ionic bonds?
Answer:
2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom
Question:
What are hydrogen bonds?
Answer:
Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules Define ion
Answer:
When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Question:
Define synthesis reaction
Answer:
Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together
Question:
Define decomposition reaction
Answer:
Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Question:
Define exchange reaction
Answer:
Parts of molecules trade places
Question:
Define reactant
Answer:
The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules
Question:
Define product
Answer:
Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Question:
Acidic solution pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
Question:
Basic solution pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH- What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not
Question:
What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Answer:
Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers.
Question:
What are carbohydrates?
Answer:
Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Question:
What are lipids?
Answer:
Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Question:
What are proteins?
Answer:
Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds
Question:
What are nucleic acids?
Answer:
Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA.
Question:
Fats (triglycerides)
Answer:
Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Question:
What are enzymes?
Answer:
large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change
Question:
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
Answer:
RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes.
Question:
cell membrane
Answer:
regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production
Question:
cytoplasm
Answer:
consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles
cytosol the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended organelles small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks
Question:
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
Answer:
controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings
Question:
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Answer:
a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward
Question:
Ribosome
Answer:
tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis
Question:
endoplasmic reticulum
Answer:
the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell
Question:
Centrosome
Answer:
structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division
Question:
Cilia
Answer:
motile extensions from the cell
Question:
nuclear pores
Answer:
regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together
Question:
nucleolus
Answer:
The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein
Question:
chromatin
Answer:
It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA
Question:
diffusion
Answer:
the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached
Question:
osmosis
Answer:
transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute
Question:
facilitated diffusion
Answer:
a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
Question:
filtration
Answer:
passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
Question:
active transport
Answer:
Question:
What are the two types of metabolic reactions?
Answer:
Anabolism and Catabolism
Question:
Anabolism
Answer:
Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy
Question:
Catabolism larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed?
Answer:
When the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction.
Question:
What is the active site on an enzyme?
Answer:
Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs.
Question:
Denaturation
Answer:
the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer carry out its cellular function.
Question:
What is ATP?
Answer:
the primary source of energy for a cell
Question:
How do cells get the energy to make ATP?
Answer:
By breaking apart glucose molecules
Question:
What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced?
Answer:
Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP.
Question:
What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end?
Answer:
(G) guanine
Question:
What are the complementary base pairs for DNA?
Answer:
A T
C G
Question:
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Answer:
Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis.
Question:
Nucleotides
Answer:
Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases
Question:
What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be?
Answer:
A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine
Question:
How is RNA made?
Answer:
All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases.
Question:
List the steps of protein synthesis.
Answer:
During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds.
Question:
Transcription the process of copying the information encoded in Answer:
DNA to produce RNA
Question:
Translation
Answer:
The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids.
Question:
codons
Answer:
set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids
