Download APHY 101 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025) Questions and Answers (100% Guaranteed Pass) and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY 101 Final Exam (Latest Update 2025) Questions
and Answers (100% Guaranteed Pass)
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts What are the levels of organization? subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Define homeostasis Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism?
the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms Define atoms smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter What is the structure of an atom? An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton subatomic particle that has a positive charge
Define ion When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions. Define synthesis reaction Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together Define decomposition reaction Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Define exchange reaction Parts of molecules trade places Define reactant The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Define product Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction Define catalyst influence the rates of chemical reactions
What is an acid? Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water What is a base? Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water What is a salt? Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes What is a pH scale? represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution Neutral solution pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH- Acidic solution pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+ Basic solution pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
What are nucleic acids? Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule steroids 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol Define amino acids building block of proteins
What are enzymes? large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change What are the differences between DNA and RNA? RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles cytosol the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended
Mitochondria the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration Lysosome "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria Peroxisome contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol Centrosome structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division Cilia motile extensions from the cell Flagella long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move
Vesicle small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell nuclear envelope a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm nuclear pores regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together nucleolus The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein chromatin It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA diffusion the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached osmosis transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute
What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic. What is a hypotonic solution? the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst What is hypertonic solution? The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze Steps of the cell cycle interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis What are the two types of metabolic reactions? Anabolism and Catabolism Anabolism Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy Catabolism larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy
What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? When the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction. What is the active site on an enzyme? Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs. Denaturation the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer carry out its cellular function. What is ATP? the primary source of energy for a cell How do cells get the energy to make ATP? By breaking apart glucose molecules What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced? Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Ce lls break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis. Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine How is RNA made? All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases. List the steps of protein synthesis. During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds.
Transcription the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA Translation The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids. codons set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids How does DNA replicate? During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs. The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old. Enzymes catalyze the base pair bonding and the knitting together of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Mutations The rare distinctions in DNA sequence that affect how we look or feel. Mutations may be spontaneous (due to transient mispairing during DNA replication) or induced by exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. What is a tissue?
glands Simple Columnar Epithelium a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane; it lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered; in the female reproductive tract, cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the oviducts to the uterus Stratified Squamous Epithelium layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers; it makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas Stratified Columnar Epithelium several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx
Transitional Epithelium designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? Cell types? Fiber types? Bind, support protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells; The fibroblast is the most common cel l type, and is a large, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is fixed into position; Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together Adipose Tissue connective tissue designed to store fat; it is found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes Dense Connective Tissue Densely packed collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments. Cartilage rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework; lacks blood supply 3 types of cartilage Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage condrocyte cartilage cell
