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APHY 101- Ch 1: The Human Body- An
Orientation (Ivy Tech: Noe) Final Exam
Quiz Study Guide 2024-
Anatomy - Answer>>Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology - Answer>>Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities. Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - Answer>>Study of large body structures visible to naked eye (ex: heart, lungs, kidneys). Regional Anatomy - Answer>>All structures in a particular region of the body, ex: abdomen, leg Surface Anatomy - Answer>>Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Systemic Antomy - Answer>>Body structure is studied system by system, ex: cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body. Microscopic Anatomy - Answer>>Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Cytology - Answer>>Studies cells of the body. Histology - Answer>>Studies tissues of the body. Developmental Anatomy - Answer>>Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span.
Embryology - Answer>>Subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth. Palpation - Answer>>Feeling organs with your hands. Auscultation - Answer>>Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope. Principle of complementarity of structure and function - Answer>>Anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. Levels of structural organization - Answer>>-chemical -cellular -tissue -organ -organ system -organismal Chemical Level - Answer>>Simplest level of structural hierarchy. Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form organelles, basic components of the microscopic cells. Cellular Level - Answer>>Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape. Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue Level - Answer>>The simplest living creatures are single cells, but in complex organisms such as human beings, the hierarchy continues on to the tissue level. Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Digestion - Answer>>Breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Metabolism - Answer>>Broad term includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Integumentary system - Answer>>Protects the body as a whole from the external environment. Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Urinary system - Answer>>Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular system - Answer>>Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs. Digestive system - Answer>>Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces). Respiratory system - Answer>>Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Nervous system - Answer>>As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Endocrine system - Answer>>Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Excretion - Answer>>Is the process of removing wastes, or excreta from the body.
Reproduction - Answer>>Occurs at the cellular and organismal level. In cellular, the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells. At the organismal level, a whole new person is made. Growth - Answer>>An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole. Nutrients - Answer>>Taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building. Carbohydrates - Answer>>Major energy fuel for body cells. Proteins - Answer>>Are essential for building cell structures. Fats - Answer>>Provide a reserve of energy rich fuel. Calcium - Answer>>Helps to make bones hard and is required for blood clotting. Oxygen - Answer>>Accounts for approx 20% of the air we breathe. Water - Answer>>Accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. Normal body temperature - Answer>>98.6° F Atmospheric pressure - Answer>>The force that air exerts on the surface of the body. Homeostasis - Answer>>Ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes constantly. Aka dynamic state of equilibrium or balance.
the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range. Positive feedback mechanisms control... - Answer>>Infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments. Often referred to as cascades. Ex: labor contractions and blood clotting. Homeostatic imbalance - Answer>>Disturbance in homeostasis. Occurs when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over. Anatomical position - Answer>>Standard anatomical reference point, the body is erect with feet slightly apart. It resembles "standing at attention", except the palms face forward ans the thumbs point away from the body. Directional terms - Answer>>Explains where one body structure is in relation to another. Axial part - Answer>>Makes up the main axis of our body. Includes head, neck, and trunk. Two fundamental divisions of the body - Answer>>Axial and appendicular Appendicular part - Answer>>Consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the axis. Regional terms - Answer>>Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions. Sagittal plane - Answer>>Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. Median or midsagittal plane - Answer>>Sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.
Parasagittal plane - Answer>>All other sagittal planes, offset from the midline. Frontal plane - Answer>>Like sagittal planes, lie vertically. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Coronal plane - Answer>>Aka frontal plane Transverse or horizontal plane - Answer>>Runs horizontally from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts. Transverse section - Answer>>Aka cross section Oblique sections - Answer>>Cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. Oblique sections seldom used. Dorsal body cavity - Answer>>Protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: cranial cavity and vertebral or spinal cavity. Cranial cavity - Answer>>Skull, encased the brain. Vertebral or spinal cavity - Answer>>Runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord. Ventral body cavity - Answer>>Anterior and larger of the closed body cavities. Has two major subdivisions: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. Ventral body cavity houses internal organs. Viscera - Answer>>Internal organs, aka visceral organs.
Oral and digestive cavities - Answer>>The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. The cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus. Nasal cavity - Answer>>Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways. Orbital cavities - Answer>>The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position. Middle ear cavities - Answer>>Located in the skull and lie just medial to the eardrum. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears. Synovial cavities - Answer>>Joint cavities. They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (ex elbow and knee joints). Physiology is explained by... - Answer>>Chemical and physical principles. Survival needs include... - Answer>>Nutrients, water, oxygen, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure. With age, the efficiency of negative feedback mechanisms... - Answer>>Decline, and positive feedback mechanisms occur more frequently. The body contains how many major closed cavities? - Answer>>Two: dorsal & ventral Abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into: - Answer>>4 planes into 9 abdominopelvic regions, or by 2 planes into 4 quadrants
