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APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1 to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Q&A, Exams of Biology

APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1 to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Answers | 100% Correct| GRADED A

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APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1
to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and
Answers | 100% Correct| GRADED A
Question:
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology
Answer:
Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body parts
Question:
Name and define the levels of organization of life
Answer:
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Question:
Define Metabolisim
Answer:
The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy
Question:
Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?
Answer:
The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
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Download APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1 to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Q&A and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1

to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and

Answers | 100% Correct| GRADED A

Question:

Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology

Answer:

Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body parts

Question:

Name and define the levels of organization of life

Answer:

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question:

Define Metabolisim

Answer:

The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy

Question:

Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?

Answer:

The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body temperature and pressure

Question:

What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms?

Answer:

Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set point/normal)

Question:

Describe the structure of a serous membrane

Answer:

Smooth membrane consisting of 2 layers of epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid

Question:

What are signs of aging at the cellular level?

Answer:

Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts

Question:

What is meant by anatomical position?

Answer:

Universal body position: Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Question:

Compound

Answer:

A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined

Question:

Name the bulk elements of the body

Answer:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus

Question:

What do atomic number and atomic weight of an atom represent?

Answer:

Atomic Number is the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element/Atomic Weight is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms

Question:

Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion?

Answer:

Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged

Question:

Isotope

Answer:

An isotope is an atom that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights Distinguish between types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and Reversible

Question:

Electrolyte

Answer:

An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water.

Question:

Acid

Answer:

Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water

Question:

Base

Answer:

A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

Question:

Answer:

Organic compounds result from the activity of living beings, whereas inorganic compounds are either the result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in the laboratory

Question:

Give examples and characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules

Answer:

  1. Carbohydrate: Immediate source of energy for organisms. Ex: Monosaccaharides, simple sugars.
  2. Lipids: Stored energy for later use in organisms, insulation, and protection of delicate organs. Ex: Fats, oils, triglycerides.
  3. Protein: Organic catalysts, digestive enzymes, structural protein in hair, structural protein in skin. Ex: Enzymes, collagen, keratin.
  4. Nucleic Acids: Carries Genetic Info and synthesizes proteins. Ex: DNA, RNA

Question:

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?

Answer:

Saturated fats contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats contain at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid

Question:

How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein created?

Answer:

Primary is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. Secondary is formation of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary is the folding of the secondary structure. Quaternary forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein

Question:

What are three major parts of a cell?

Answer:

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

Question:

What are organelles? Small structures found floating in the cytoplasm along with the nucleus that help with cellular processes Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane

Question:

What is meant by a "selectively permeable membrane"

Answer:

Only certain substances are able to pass through the cell membrane

Answer:

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Question:

Describe filtration

Answer:

The process of forcing molecules through a membrane

Question:

Active transport

Answer:

The movement of materials against a concentration difference that requires energy

Question:

Endocytosis

Answer:

The process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance

Question:

Pinocytosis

Answer:

Endocytosis of tiny droplets of liquids

Question:

Phagocytosis

Answer:

Endocytosis of solids

Question:

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer:

Moves very specific kinds of particles into the cell; a substance must bind to a receptor before it can enter the cell

Question:

What is exocytosis?

Answer:

The reverse of endocytosis

Question:

What is transcytosis?

Answer:

Moves substances from one end of a cell to the other end of the cell

Question:

Hypertonic

Answer:

More water outside of cell than in cell/Cells shrink

Question:

Cell differentiation

Answer:

The process by which genetically identical cells of an embryo become specialized or the process by which stable differences arise between cells of the embryo

Question:

What is a tumor?

Answer:

Abnormal growth of cells

Question:

What is the difference between benign and a malignant tumor?

Answer:

A benign tumor is one that remains in place, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue; A malignant tumor is invasive and extends into surrounding tissues

Question:

What is stem cell?

Answer:

Divides mitotically to produce either 2 daughter cells like itself, or 1 daughter cell that is a stem cell and 1 that is partially specialized

Question:

What is Progenitor cell?

Answer:

A partly specialized cell that is intermediate between a stem cell and fully differentiated cell

Question:

What is the difference between cells that are totipotent vs pluripotent?

Answer:

Totipotency is the ability of all living cells potentially to regenerate whole new individuals, Pluripotency is the potential of a cell to develop into more than one type of mature cell, depending on environment.

Question:

Anabolism

Answer:

Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair/Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones

Question:

Catabolism

Answer:

A group of metabolic processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones

Question:

Question:

What are cofactors?

Answer:

Helps an active site obtain its appropriate shape or helps bind the enzymes to its substrate

Question:

Coenzymes

Answer:

Organic molecules that act as cofactors

Question:

How are vitamins important to enzymes?

Question:

What is the structure and function of ATP

Answer:

An adenine, a ribose, and 3 phosphates in a chain

Question:

What is the purpose of protein synthesis?

Answer:

Protein synthesis is the making of proteins for the cell to use and amino acids are put together in a specific order to make each protein

Question:

What are the major stages of protein synthesis reaction?

Question:

What is the purpose of cellular repiration?

Answer:

Process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use What major event occur in each stage?

Answer:

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Kreb's), and Electron Transport Chain

Question:

Gene

A codon is the sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

Question:

Anticodon

Answer:

A three base sequence on tRNA

Question:

Mutation

Answer:

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene

Question:

Mutagen

Answer:

An agent that causes mutations

Question:

Histology

Answer:

Study of tissues

Question:

Tissue

Answer:

A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function

Question:

Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions

Answer:

Tight junctions: They are impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the space between cells Desmosomes: Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural unit Gap Junctions: Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of digestive tract and function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other small molecules to move between them

Question:

What are the 4 basic types/groups of tissue?

Answer:

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Question:

Briefly describe the function of the basement membrane of epithelial tissue

Answer: