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APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1
to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and
Answers | 100% Correct| GRADED A
Question:
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology
Answer:
Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body parts
Question:
Name and define the levels of organization of life
Answer:
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Question:
Define Metabolisim
Answer:
The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy
Question:
Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?
Answer:
The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body temperature and pressure
Question:
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms?
Answer:
Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set point/normal)
Question:
Describe the structure of a serous membrane
Answer:
Smooth membrane consisting of 2 layers of epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid
Question:
What are signs of aging at the cellular level?
Answer:
Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts
Question:
What is meant by anatomical position?
Answer:
Universal body position: Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Question:
Compound
Answer:
A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
Question:
Name the bulk elements of the body
Answer:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
Question:
What do atomic number and atomic weight of an atom represent?
Answer:
Atomic Number is the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element/Atomic Weight is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms
Question:
Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion?
Answer:
Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
Question:
Isotope
Answer:
An isotope is an atom that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights Distinguish between types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and Reversible
Question:
Electrolyte
Answer:
An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water.
Question:
Acid
Answer:
Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
Question:
Base
Answer:
A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Question:
Answer:
Organic compounds result from the activity of living beings, whereas inorganic compounds are either the result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in the laboratory
Question:
Give examples and characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules
Answer:
- Carbohydrate: Immediate source of energy for organisms. Ex: Monosaccaharides, simple sugars.
- Lipids: Stored energy for later use in organisms, insulation, and protection of delicate organs. Ex: Fats, oils, triglycerides.
- Protein: Organic catalysts, digestive enzymes, structural protein in hair, structural protein in skin. Ex: Enzymes, collagen, keratin.
- Nucleic Acids: Carries Genetic Info and synthesizes proteins. Ex: DNA, RNA
Question:
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
Answer:
Saturated fats contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats contain at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid
Question:
How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein created?
Answer:
Primary is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. Secondary is formation of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary is the folding of the secondary structure. Quaternary forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein
Question:
What are three major parts of a cell?
Answer:
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
Question:
What are organelles? Small structures found floating in the cytoplasm along with the nucleus that help with cellular processes Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane
Question:
What is meant by a "selectively permeable membrane"
Answer:
Only certain substances are able to pass through the cell membrane
Answer:
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Question:
Describe filtration
Answer:
The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
Question:
Active transport
Answer:
The movement of materials against a concentration difference that requires energy
Question:
Endocytosis
Answer:
The process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance
Question:
Pinocytosis
Answer:
Endocytosis of tiny droplets of liquids
Question:
Phagocytosis
Answer:
Endocytosis of solids
Question:
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Answer:
Moves very specific kinds of particles into the cell; a substance must bind to a receptor before it can enter the cell
Question:
What is exocytosis?
Answer:
The reverse of endocytosis
Question:
What is transcytosis?
Answer:
Moves substances from one end of a cell to the other end of the cell
Question:
Hypertonic
Answer:
More water outside of cell than in cell/Cells shrink
Question:
Cell differentiation
Answer:
The process by which genetically identical cells of an embryo become specialized or the process by which stable differences arise between cells of the embryo
Question:
What is a tumor?
Answer:
Abnormal growth of cells
Question:
What is the difference between benign and a malignant tumor?
Answer:
A benign tumor is one that remains in place, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue; A malignant tumor is invasive and extends into surrounding tissues
Question:
What is stem cell?
Answer:
Divides mitotically to produce either 2 daughter cells like itself, or 1 daughter cell that is a stem cell and 1 that is partially specialized
Question:
What is Progenitor cell?
Answer:
A partly specialized cell that is intermediate between a stem cell and fully differentiated cell
Question:
What is the difference between cells that are totipotent vs pluripotent?
Answer:
Totipotency is the ability of all living cells potentially to regenerate whole new individuals, Pluripotency is the potential of a cell to develop into more than one type of mature cell, depending on environment.
Question:
Anabolism
Answer:
Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair/Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones
Question:
Catabolism
Answer:
A group of metabolic processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
Question:
Question:
What are cofactors?
Answer:
Helps an active site obtain its appropriate shape or helps bind the enzymes to its substrate
Question:
Coenzymes
Answer:
Organic molecules that act as cofactors
Question:
How are vitamins important to enzymes?
Question:
What is the structure and function of ATP
Answer:
An adenine, a ribose, and 3 phosphates in a chain
Question:
What is the purpose of protein synthesis?
Answer:
Protein synthesis is the making of proteins for the cell to use and amino acids are put together in a specific order to make each protein
Question:
What are the major stages of protein synthesis reaction?
Question:
What is the purpose of cellular repiration?
Answer:
Process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use What major event occur in each stage?
Answer:
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Kreb's), and Electron Transport Chain
Question:
Gene
A codon is the sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
Question:
Anticodon
Answer:
A three base sequence on tRNA
Question:
Mutation
Answer:
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene
Question:
Mutagen
Answer:
An agent that causes mutations
Question:
Histology
Answer:
Study of tissues
Question:
Tissue
Answer:
A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function
Question:
Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions
Answer:
Tight junctions: They are impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the space between cells Desmosomes: Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural unit Gap Junctions: Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of digestive tract and function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other small molecules to move between them
Question:
What are the 4 basic types/groups of tissue?
Answer:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Question:
Briefly describe the function of the basement membrane of epithelial tissue
Answer:
