



















Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
APHY 101/ APHY101 Midterm Exam (Chapter 1 to 6) | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Answers | 100% Correct| GRADED A
Typology: Exams
1 / 27
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology
Anatomy is the study of structure of body parts/Physiology is the study of function of body parts
Name and define the levels of organization of life
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
Define Metabolisim
The sum of all physical and chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy
Define Homeostasis. How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis?
The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body temperature and pressure
What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms?
Works to correct a deviation from a set point (Tries to get back to the set point/normal)
Describe the structure of a serous membrane
Smooth membrane consisting of 2 layers of epithelial cells which secrete serous fluid
What are signs of aging at the cellular level?
Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts
What is meant by anatomical position?
Universal body position: Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Compound
A substance made from two or more elements chemically combined
Name the bulk elements of the body
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
What do atomic number and atomic weight of an atom represent?
Atomic Number is the number of protons in the atoms of a particular element/Atomic Weight is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each of an element's atoms
Define Ion. How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion?
Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons and become electrically charged
Isotope
An isotope is an atom that have the same atomic numbers but different atomic weights Distinguish between types of chemical reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, and Reversible
Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water.
Acid
Acids are electrolytes that dissociate the release hydrogen ions in water
Base
A compound that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Organic compounds result from the activity of living beings, whereas inorganic compounds are either the result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in the laboratory
Give examples and characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
Saturated fats contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats contain at least 1 unsaturated fatty acid
How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein created?
Primary is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. Secondary is formation of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet. Tertiary is the folding of the secondary structure. Quaternary forms when several polypeptide chains connect to form a very large protein
What are three major parts of a cell?
Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
What are organelles? Small structures found floating in the cytoplasm along with the nucleus that help with cellular processes Describe the basic structure of the cell/plasma membrane
What is meant by a "selectively permeable membrane"
Only certain substances are able to pass through the cell membrane
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Describe filtration
The process of forcing molecules through a membrane
Active transport
The movement of materials against a concentration difference that requires energy
Endocytosis
The process of a cell engulfing a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis of tiny droplets of liquids
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis of solids
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Moves very specific kinds of particles into the cell; a substance must bind to a receptor before it can enter the cell
What is exocytosis?
The reverse of endocytosis
What is transcytosis?
Moves substances from one end of a cell to the other end of the cell
Hypertonic
More water outside of cell than in cell/Cells shrink
Cell differentiation
The process by which genetically identical cells of an embryo become specialized or the process by which stable differences arise between cells of the embryo
What is a tumor?
Abnormal growth of cells
What is the difference between benign and a malignant tumor?
A benign tumor is one that remains in place, eventually interfering with the function of healthy tissue; A malignant tumor is invasive and extends into surrounding tissues
What is stem cell?
Divides mitotically to produce either 2 daughter cells like itself, or 1 daughter cell that is a stem cell and 1 that is partially specialized
What is Progenitor cell?
A partly specialized cell that is intermediate between a stem cell and fully differentiated cell
What is the difference between cells that are totipotent vs pluripotent?
Totipotency is the ability of all living cells potentially to regenerate whole new individuals, Pluripotency is the potential of a cell to develop into more than one type of mature cell, depending on environment.
Anabolism
Provides all the materials required for cellular growth and repair/Larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones
Catabolism
A group of metabolic processes that break down larger molecules into smaller ones
What are cofactors?
Helps an active site obtain its appropriate shape or helps bind the enzymes to its substrate
Coenzymes
Organic molecules that act as cofactors
How are vitamins important to enzymes?
What is the structure and function of ATP
An adenine, a ribose, and 3 phosphates in a chain
What is the purpose of protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis is the making of proteins for the cell to use and amino acids are put together in a specific order to make each protein
What are the major stages of protein synthesis reaction?
What is the purpose of cellular repiration?
Process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose and makes it available for cellular use What major event occur in each stage?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Kreb's), and Electron Transport Chain
Gene
A codon is the sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
Anticodon
A three base sequence on tRNA
Mutation
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene
Mutagen
An agent that causes mutations
Histology
Study of tissues
Tissue
A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function
Describe the 3 types of intercellular junctions
Tight junctions: They are impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leak proof sheets that prevent substances from passing through the space between cells Desmosomes: Located in cells of the skin and function to form a reinforced structural unit Gap Junctions: Located in cells of the heart muscle and muscle cells of digestive tract and function to link the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and allow ions, nutrients, and other small molecules to move between them
What are the 4 basic types/groups of tissue?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
Briefly describe the function of the basement membrane of epithelial tissue