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APHY 101 2025 Final Exam Elaborated
Questions with Correct and Verified Answers
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Define homeostasis Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism? the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms
Define atoms smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter What is the structure of an atom? An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton subatomic particle that has a positive charge Neutron subatomic particle that has no charge Electron
Define ion When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions. Define synthesis reaction Two or more atoms or molecules are joined together Define decomposition reaction Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones Define exchange reaction Parts of molecules trade places Define reactant The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Define product
Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction Define catalyst influence the rates of chemical reactions What is an acid? Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water What is a base? Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water What is a salt? Acids and bases that react to form water and electrolytes What is a pH scale? represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution Neutral solution
Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What are lipids? Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are proteins? Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds What are nucleic acids? Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule steroids 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol Define amino acids building block of proteins
cytosol the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended organelles small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks What are the functions of the cell membrane? controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings What is the structure of the cell membrane? a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward Ribosome tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum
the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis. Golgi apparatus UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies proteins for transport and export out of the cell Mitochondria the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration Lysosome "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria Peroxisome
What are the levels of organization? subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) nuclear envelope a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm
nuclear pores regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together nucleolus The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein chromatin It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA diffusion the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached osmosis transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic. What is a hypotonic solution? the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell so water moves into the cell causing plant cells to swell and animal cells to swell and burst What is hypertonic solution? The solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell so water moves out of the cell and into the solution causing the cell to plasmolyze Steps of the cell cycle interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What are the two types of metabolic reactions? Anabolism and Catabolism Anabolism Small molecules are built up into larger molecules, requiring energy Catabolism larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy What happens when an enzyme substrate complex is formed? When the enzyme and substrate are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substrate to the product (or products) of the reaction. What is the active site on an enzyme? Active sites on the enzyme combine with the substrate and a reaction occurs. Denaturation the alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no longer carry out its cellular function.
We have an expert-written solution to this problem! What is the electron transport chain? The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase What are the characteristics of DNA? Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar- phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs." What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? (A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? A T C G
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis. Nucleotides Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine How is RNA made? All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases. List the steps of protein synthesis.
