APEA NP MyQbank Pathophysiology New Completed Questions with Rationales 2024, Exams of Pathophysiology

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APEA NP

MyQbank

Pathophysiology

Completed Questions with

Rationales

1. A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with a sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to the back. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A) Acute myocardial infarction B) Aortic dissection C) Pulmonary embolism D) Pericarditis

Correct Answer: B) Aortic dissection

Rationale: The sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to the back is characteristic of aortic dissection, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate attention.

2. A patient presents with dry cough, fever, and dyspnea. Chest X-ray shows bilateral interstitial infiltrates. Which pathophysiological process is most likely occurring in the lungs? A) Cardiogenic pulmonary edema B) Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema C) Pulmonary embolism D) Pneumothorax

Correct Answer: B) Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Rationale: The presence of bilateral interstitial infiltrates with the symptoms described is indicative of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, often associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

5. A 50-year-old male presents with jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools. Liver function tests reveal elevated direct bilirubin. Which condition is most consistent with these findings? A) Hemolytic anemia B) Hepatitis C) Cholestasis D) Cirrhosis

Correct Answer: C) Cholestasis

Rationale: The symptoms and lab findings suggest an obstruction of bile flow, known as cholestasis, rather than generalized liver inflammation or damage.

6. A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increased shortness of breath and a productive cough. What is the most likely cause of this exacerbation? A) Asthma B) Pneumonia C) Pulmonary embolism D) Bronchitis

Correct Answer: D) Bronchitis

Rationale: Patients with COPD are prone to bronchitis, which can exacerbate their respiratory symptoms.

7. A 35-year-old female presents with a butterfly rash on her face and joint pain. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Rheumatoid arthritis B) Systemic lupus erythematosus C) Scleroderma D) Dermatomyositis

Correct Answer: B) Systemic lupus erythematosus

Rationale: The butterfly rash is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease that can also cause joint pain.

8. A patient presents with abdominal pain, bloating, and alternating diarrhea and constipation. Which of the following conditions is most likely? A) Crohn's disease B) Ulcerative colitis C) Irritable bowel syndrome D) Celiac disease

Correct Answer: C) Irritable bowel syndrome

Rationale: The symptoms described are typical of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a functional gastrointestinal disorder.

9. A patient with a sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes has a positive rapid antigen test for Streptococcus. What is the most appropriate treatment? A) Antiviral medication B) Antibiotic therapy C) Antifungal medication

Rationale: The symptoms described are classic signs of diabetes mellitus, and fasting blood glucose is a key diagnostic test for this condition.

12. A patient with severe abdominal pain is found to have elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. What is the most likely diagnosis? A) Acute pancreatitis B) Cholecystitis C) Hepatitis D) Peptic ulcer disease

Correct Answer: A) Acute pancreatitis

Rationale: Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels are indicative of acute pancreatitis, an inflammatory condition of the pancreas.

13. A patient with a swollen, painful joint and a high uric acid level is likely suffering from which condition? A) Osteoarthritis B) Rheumatoid arthritis C) Gout D) Septic arthritis

Correct Answer: C) Gout

Rationale: High uric acid levels and the described symptoms are characteristic of gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis.

14. A patient with a productive cough, night sweats, and weight loss should be evaluated for which of the following? A) Asthma B) Bronchitis C) Tuberculosis D) Lung cancer

Correct Answer: C) Tuberculosis

Rationale: The classic triad of productive cough, night sweats, and weight loss is highly suggestive of tuberculosis.

15. A patient with a known peanut allergy begins to develop hives, difficulty breathing, and facial swelling after eating a cookie. What is the most immediate intervention? A) Oral antihistamines B) Intramuscular epinephrine C) Corticosteroids D) Bronchodilators

Correct Answer: B) Intramuscular epinephrine

Rationale: This patient is likely experiencing anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction, and requires immediate treatment with intramuscular epinephrine.

C. Obesity D. Genetic mutation

Correct Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking and destroying the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Which of the following is a common symptom of heart failure? A. Hypertension B. Bradycardia C. Peripheral edema D. Decreased respiratory rate

Correct Answer: C. Peripheral edema

Rationale: Peripheral edema is a common symptom of heart failure due to fluid buildup in the extremities. How is a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis typically confirmed? A. MRI findings of demyelination B. Blood test for specific antibodies C. Electrocardiogram abnormalities D. Pulmonary function tests

Correct Answer: A. MRI findings of demyelination

Rationale: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is often confirmed by MRI showing characteristic demyelinating lesions in the central nervous system. Which of the following is a first-line treatment for hypertension? A. Beta-blockers B. ACE inhibitors C. Calcium channel blockers D. Diuretics

Correct Answer: D. Diuretics

Rationale: Diuretics are often used as first-line treatment for hypertension to reduce blood volume and lower blood pressure. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of asthma? A. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction B. Excessive mucus production in the airways C. Alveolar damage and fibrosis D. Pulmonary embolism

Correct Answer: A. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction

Rationale: Asthma is characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties.

B. Diabetic ketoacidosis C. Hypothyroidism D. Hypercalcemia

Correct Answer: B. Diabetic ketoacidosis

Rationale: Untreated diabetes mellitus can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening complication characterized by high blood sugar and ketone levels. What is the primary cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? A. Prolonged bed rest B. Severe pneumonia C. Excessive exercise D. Vitamin D deficiency

Correct Answer: B. Severe pneumonia

Rationale: ARDS is often caused by severe pneumonia, sepsis, or other conditions leading to inflammation and damage to the lungs. Which of the following is a common symptom of Crohn's disease? A. Bloody diarrhea B. Hypertension C. Hair loss

D. Insomnia

Correct Answer: A. Bloody diarrhea

Rationale: Bloody diarrhea is a common symptom of Crohn's disease due to inflammation and ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract. What is the primary treatment goal for rheumatoid arthritis? A. Pain management B. Immunosuppression C. Symptom masking D. Joint replacement surgery

Correct Answer: B. Immunosuppression

Rationale: The primary goal in treating rheumatoid arthritis is to suppress the immune system to reduce inflammation and joint damage. Which of the following laboratory findings is indicative of acute kidney injury? A. Elevated creatinine and BUN levels B. Low white blood cell count C. High platelet count D. Normal electrolyte levels

Rationale: Fatigue is a common symptom of hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolic activity and energy production. What is the primary treatment approach for acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)? A. Antibiotic therapy B. Surgical intervention C. Thrombolytic therapy D. Dialysis

Correct Answer: C. Thrombolytic therapy

Rationale: Thrombolytic therapy is often used in the acute phase of a heart attack to dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? A. Elevated liver enzymes B. Positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) C. Low blood pressure D. Hyperglycemia

Correct Answer: B. Positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

Rationale: Positive anti-nuclear antibodies are a key diagnostic criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. What is the primary pharmacological treatment for asthma exacerbations? A. Anticoagulants B. Bronchodilators C. Antiarrhythmics D. Antidepressants

Correct Answer: B. Bronchodilators

Rationale: Bronchodilators are the primary medications used to relieve bronchoconstriction and improve airflow in asthma exacerbations. Which of the following is a common complication of uncontrolled hypertension? A. Hypocalcemia B. Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypoglycemia

Correct Answer: B. Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

Rationale: Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to complications such as stroke due to the increased risk of damage to blood vessels in the brain.

B. Addison’s disease C. Grave’s disease D. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Correct Answer: C. Grave’s disease

Rationale: Grave’s disease is characterized by hyperthyroidism due to an overactive thyroid gland.

4. Which of the following lab findings is typically present in acute pancreatitis? A. Elevated serum lipase B. Decreased amylase levels C. Hypokalemia D. Low triglyceride levels

Correct Answer: A. Elevated serum lipase

Rationale: Elevated serum lipase levels are a hallmark of acute pancreatitis, indicating pancreatic inflammation.

5. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis? A. Presence of anti-nuclear antibodies B. Erosions at the joint margins on X-ray C. Low levels of C-reactive protein

D. Positive HLA-B27 test

Correct Answer: B. Erosions at the joint margins on X-ray

Rationale: Erosions at joint margins on X-ray are a classic finding in rheumatoid arthritis due to joint destruction.

6. In which form of diabetes mellitus does the body not produce any insulin? A. Type 1 B. Type 2 C. Gestational diabetes D. Type 3c

Correct Answer: A. Type 1

Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency.

7. Which of the following is a key characteristic of chronic kidney disease? A. Elevated glomerular filtration rate B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Persistent proteinuria D. High levels of serum creatinine