APEA 3P Pharmacotherapeutics Latest Completed Exam 2024, Exams of Nursing

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APEA 3P

Pharmacotherapeutics

Latest Completed Exam

1. What is the primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors in the management of hypertension? A) Vasodilation B) Diuresis C) Sodium retention D) Vasoconstriction

Correct Answer: A) Vasodilation

Rationale: ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which results in vasodilation and subsequently lowers blood pressure.

2. Which of the following drug classes is contraindicated in patients with a known history of sulfa allergy? A) Beta-blockers B) Thiazide diuretics C) ACE inhibitors D) Calcium channel blockers

Correct Answer: B) Thiazide diuretics

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics are contraindicated in patients with a sulfa allergy due to the potential for cross-reactivity.

3. A patient is prescribed amoxicillin for a bacterial infection. Which of the following is an important aspect of patient education for this medication?

D) Diabetes mellitus

Correct Answer: C) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Rationale: PPIs are indicated for the treatment of GERD as they reduce stomach acid production, providing relief from symptoms and allowing healing of the esophagus.

6. Which of the following adverse reactions is most commonly associated with the use of statins? A) Hypertension B) Muscle pain C) Hyperglycemia D) Cough

Correct Answer: B) Muscle pain

Rationale: Statins are known to cause myopathy, which can present as muscle pain or weakness.

7. When prescribing warfarin, what is the primary precaution that should be taken into consideration? A) Avoiding foods high in vitamin K B) Monitoring for signs of hyperactivity C) Ensuring the patient has a high-fiber diet D) Checking for a history of migraines

Correct Answer: A) Avoiding foods high in vitamin K

Rationale: Vitamin K can interfere with the anticoagulant effects of warfarin, so patients should be advised to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K to avoid fluctuations in drug efficacy.

8. In the context of pharmacokinetics, what does the term 'bioavailability' refer to? A) The extent of drug absorption B) The rate of drug excretion C) The degree of drug metabolism D) The distribution of the drug within the body

Correct Answer: A) The extent of drug absorption

Rationale: Bioavailability is a measure of the extent and rate at which the active moiety of a drug enters systemic circulation, thereby accessing the site of action.

9. Which class of drugs is primarily used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to replenish dopamine levels? A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors B) Dopamine agonists C) Cholinesterase inhibitors D) NMDA receptor antagonists

Correct Answer: B) Dopamine agonists

Rationale: Dopamine agonists mimic the role of dopamine in the brain, which is deficient in patients with Parkinson's disease.

B) Potential for causing hypoglycemia C) Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding D) Likelihood of causing hyperkalemia

Correct Answer: C) Risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

Rationale: NSAIDs can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, especially in elderly patients or those with a history of ulcers.

13. For a patient with renal impairment, which pharmacokinetic parameter is most likely to be affected? A) Drug absorption B) Drug distribution C) Drug metabolism D) Drug excretion

Correct Answer: D) Drug excretion

Rationale: Renal impairment can significantly affect the excretion of drugs, particularly those that are eliminated primarily by the kidneys.

14. What is the primary indication for the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? A) Chronic pain management B) Treatment of bacterial infections C) Management of depressive disorders D) Control of seizure activity

Correct Answer: C) Management of depressive disorders

Rationale: SSRIs are primarily indicated for the management of depressive disorders by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain.

15. Which of the following is an important patient education point for insulin therapy? A) Insulin can be taken orally. B) Insulin should be stored at room temperature. C) Patients should rotate injection sites to prevent lipodystrophy. D) Insulin is effective in treating type 2 diabetes only.

Correct Answer: C) Patients should rotate injection sites to prevent

lipodystrophy. Rationale: Rotating injection sites helps to prevent the development of lipodystrophy, which can affect insulin absorption.

16. What is the mechanism of action of diuretics in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF)? A) They increase heart rate. B) They reduce preload and afterload. C) They enhance myocardial contractility. D) They induce vasodilation of coronary arteries.

Correct Answer: B) They reduce preload and afterload.

Rationale: Diuretics help to reduce the volume of fluid in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart by reducing preload and afterload.

A) The range of dosages that produces therapeutic response without causing any significant adverse effect B) The duration of time a drug remains effective C) The speed at which a drug causes a therapeutic effect D) The number of doses required to achieve a therapeutic effect

Correct Answer: A) The range of dosages that produces therapeutic

response without causing any significant adverse effect Rationale: The therapeutic index is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity.

20. Which of the following is a key consideration when prescribing antibiotics for pediatric patients? A) The dose should be the same as for adults. B) The medication should always be administered intravenously. C) The dose should be based on the child's weight. D) Antibiotics are not recommended for children under 12 years of age.

Correct Answer: C) The dose should be based on the child's weight.

Rationale: Pediatric dosing for antibiotics is typically weight-based to ensure efficacy and minimize the risk of adverse effects. <gen_text> Which of the following drug classes is classified as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent that acts by decreasing heart rate and blood pressure? A. ACE inhibitors B. Calcium channel blockers

C. Beta blockers D. Diuretics

Correct Answer: C. Beta blockers

Rationale: Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, work by binding to beta-adrenergic receptors and decreasing the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which results in reduced heart rate and blood pressure. Which of the following is a brand name of the drug clopidogrel, a medication commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots in patients with cardiovascular diseases? A. Plavix B. Lipitor C. Metoprolol D. Lisinopril

Correct Answer: A. Plavix

Rationale: Plavix is a brand name for clopidogrel, which is an antiplatelet medication that helps prevent blood clots in patients at risk for heart attacks or strokes. Which of the following drug classes exerts its therapeutic effect by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, thereby reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver? A. ACE inhibitors B. Statins

C. Hypokalemia D. Hypernatremia

Correct Answer: C. Hypokalemia

Rationale: Loop diuretics can cause potassium loss, leading to hypokalemia, which can have serious consequences such as cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

. A patient with a history of angioedema should avoid which of the following drug classes due to an increased risk of adverse reactions? A. ACE inhibitors B. Beta blockers C. Calcium channel blockers D. Diuretics

Correct Answer: A. ACE inhibitors

Rationale: ACE inhibitors can cause angioedema, a serious allergic reaction characterized by swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, particularly in patients with a history of this reaction. Which of the following caution should be exercised when prescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to elderly patients? A. Increased risk of hypotension B. Higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

C. Reduced incidence of renal impairment D. Lower risk of drug-drug interactions

Correct Answer: B. Higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

Rationale: Elderly patients are more susceptible to NSAID-induced gastrointestinal bleeding due to age-related changes in the gastrointestinal mucosa and increased risk of drug interactions with other medications. Question: Which of the following drug classes is commonly used to treat hypertension by blocking angiotensin II receptors? A) Beta-blockers B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors C) Calcium channel blockers D) Diuretics

Correct Answer: B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Rationale: ACE inhibitors work by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby dilating blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. Question: What is the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of depression? A) Blocking dopamine receptors B) Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin C) Enhancing GABA activity

Question: What is the primary route of elimination for most drugs from the body? A) Renal excretion B) Biliary excretion C) Pulmonary excretion D) Cutaneous excretion

Correct Answer: A) Renal excretion

Rationale: Most drugs are eliminated from the body through the renal excretion process via the kidneys. Question: Which of the following is a precaution when prescribing beta- blockers for patients with a history of asthma? A) Monitor liver function tests B) Avoid abrupt discontinuation C) Monitor serum electrolytes D) Use with caution due to potential bronchoconstriction

Correct Answer: D) Use with caution due to potential

bronchoconstriction Rationale: Beta-blockers can exacerbate bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma and should be used cautiously. Question: Indomethacin is contraindicated in patients with a history of: A) Peptic ulcer disease

B) Hypertension C) Diabetes mellitus D) Asthma

Correct Answer: A) Peptic ulcer disease

Rationale: Indomethacin can worsen peptic ulcers and is contraindicated in patients with a history of this condition. Question: What should patients be educated about when taking warfarin for anticoagulation therapy? A) Avoid foods high in vitamin K B) Take the medication on an empty stomach C) Skip doses if experiencing bleeding D) Discontinue the medication abruptly if side effects occur

Correct Answer: A) Avoid foods high in vitamin K

Rationale: Warfarin interacts with vitamin K, so patients should be educated to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K-containing foods. Question: Which of the following is a key consideration when prescribing opioids for pain management in elderly patients? A) Start with high doses for better pain control B) Monitor for signs of respiratory depression C) Encourage abrupt discontinuation if side effects occur D) Avoid renal function monitoring

Question: What is a common adverse reaction associated with the use of statins for hyperlipidemia? A) Hypoglycemia B) Myopathy C) Bradycardia D) Hyperkalemia

Correct Answer: B) Myopathy

Rationale: Statins can cause myopathy, characterized by muscle pain and weakness, especially at higher doses. Question: Before administering a medication through a nasogastric tube, the nurse should: A) Dilute the medication in a small amount of water B) Crush the medication into a fine powder C) Ensure proper tube placement D) Elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees

Correct Answer: C) Ensure proper tube placement

Rationale: Before administering medication through a nasogastric tube, it is crucial to confirm the correct placement of the tube to prevent complications. Question: What is an important consideration when educating patients about the use of inhaled corticosteroids for asthma? A) Rinse the mouth after each use

B) Use as needed for acute symptoms only C) Discontinue abruptly if symptoms improve D) Store at room temperature

Correct Answer: A) Rinse the mouth after each use

Rationale: Rinsing the mouth after using inhaled corticosteroids helps prevent oral fungal infections. Question: Which of the following is a common indication for the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)? A) Hypertension B) Peptic ulcer disease C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D) Hyperthyroidism

Correct Answer: B) Peptic ulcer disease

Rationale: PPIs are commonly used to treat peptic ulcer disease by reducing gastric acid secretion. Question: What is a potential serious adverse effect of angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in elderly patients? A) Hypokalemia B) Angioedema C) Hyperglycemia D) Hypotension