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APEA 3P Pathophysiology Latest Completed Exam 2024APEA 3P Pathophysiology Latest Completed Exam 2024APEA 3P Pathophysiology Latest Completed Exam 2024APEA 3P Pathophysiology Latest Completed Exam 2024APEA 3P Pathophysiology Latest Completed Exam 2024
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function Rationale: Pathophysiology is the study of how diseases disrupt the normal functioning of the body.
function from conception through adulthood Rationale: Developmental physiology examines how organs and systems evolve and function throughout the lifespan.
B) Complete blood count (CBC) C) MRI of the brain D) Stool culture
Rationale: An ECG is commonly used to detect abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity, which can indicate coronary artery disease.
Rationale: Major depressive disorder is a psychological health condition that affects mood and mental well-being.
D) The study of the effects of lifestyle on health
Rationale: Pathogenesis focuses on the development and progression of diseases within the body.
Rationale: Urinalysis is a diagnostic tool used to assess kidney function through the analysis of urine composition.
Rationale: Spirometry is a diagnostic test used to assess lung function and identify respiratory conditions.
Rationale: Altered physical health can arise from a variety of factors including genetics, trauma, and nutritional deficiencies.
Rationale: Regular exercise is a protective factor against cardiovascular disease, not a risk factor.
Rationale: Pathophysiology helps healthcare professionals understand the root causes and mechanisms of diseases, guiding treatment and management.
Rationale: An EEG is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate electrical activity in the brain and diagnose neurological conditions.
B) Pathogenesis C) Manifestations D) Interdisciplinary care
Rationale: Pathogenesis describes the sequence of events from exposure to a disease-causing agent to the appearance of symptoms.
Rationale: Non-modifiable risk factors are characteristics like genetics that cannot be changed or controlled.
D) Monitoring cholesterol levels
Rationale: Imaging studies are instrumental in detecting structural abnormalities in organs and tissues.
Rationale: A liver function panel is a series of blood tests that measure liver enzyme levels and other markers of liver health.
Rationale: Etiology focuses on understanding the genetic and environmental causes of diseases.
Rationale: Bone density assessments are commonly performed using ultrasound to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis.
Rationale: Mental health disorders like anxiety and depression primarily impact psychological well-being.
Rationale: The prognosis indicates the expected development and outcome of a disease based on various factors.
Rationale: Mammography is a diagnostic tool used for breast cancer screening and early detection.
C. Maintenance of homeostasis D. Limited organ differentiation
Rationale: Developmental physiology involves the study of how organisms maintain stability and balance in their internal environment despite external changes. This process is crucial for normal growth and function. What is the primary pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus? A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells B. Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency C. Defect in insulin secretion D. Excessive insulin production
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily characterized by the body's reduced responsiveness to insulin and the inability to produce enough insulin to compensate for the resistance. Which of the following is a common manifestation of hypothyroidism? A. Heat intolerance B. Weight loss C. Bradycardia D. Exophthalmos
Rationale: Hypothyroidism often leads to a decreased heart rate (bradycardia) due to the reduced metabolic activity associated with an underactive thyroid gland. What is the etiology of Alzheimer's disease? A. Genetic mutations B. Traumatic brain injury C. Chronic stress D. Viral infection
Rationale: While various factors may contribute to Alzheimer's disease, genetic mutations, especially in genes related to amyloid precursor protein processing, play a significant role in its etiology. Which diagnostic study is essential for confirming the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction? A. Electrocardiogram (ECG) B. Complete blood count (CBC) C. Urinalysis D. Chest X-ray
Rationale: An ECG is a cornerstone diagnostic tool for identifying acute myocardial infarction by detecting characteristic changes in the heart's electrical activity.
A. Serum creatinine B. C-reactive protein (CRP) C. Serum albumin D. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Rationale: Serum creatinine levels are commonly measured to assess renal function, as elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function, such as in acute kidney injury. A patient with suspected peptic ulcer disease undergoes an endoscopy, revealing mucosal erosion in the stomach lining. Which diagnostic test is essential for confirming the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection? A. Urea breath test B. Stool antigen test C. Serologic testing D. Gastric biopsy
Rationale: Gastric biopsy allows for direct visualization and detection of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach lining, providing a definitive diagnosis of infection. In the context of autoimmune disorders, which serologic marker is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)? A. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) B. Rheumatoid factor (RF)
C. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) D. Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)
Rationale: Anti-dsDNA antibodies are specific to SLE and play a key role in the diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Which imaging study is preferred for evaluating suspected pulmonary embolism due to its high sensitivity and specificity? A. Chest X-ray B. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan C. Pulmonary angiography D. Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)
Rationale: CTPA is the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, offering high accuracy in detecting blood clots in the pulmonary vasculature. A patient with chronic liver disease presents with ascites. Which diagnostic study is essential for determining the underlying cause of ascites? A. Abdominal ultrasound B. Ascitic fluid analysis C. Liver biopsy D. Serum amylase levels