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APA in Text Citation 1.Generating Signal Phrases 2.Selecting Matrial to Cite 3.Creating Paraphrased Citations and 4.Creating In Text Citations.
Typology: Exercises
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APA
IN-TEXT CITATION
WORKSHEETS
APA In-Text Citation Practice | Selecting Material to Cite Name: |
Source: “It’s Absurd to Claim That Smarter Babies Sleep Poorly at Night” by Melinda Wenner Moyer | Slate | 2019 (Excerpts)
A new parenting claim made the rounds on social media this week, and it was a doozy. “Smarter Babies Need Less Sleep and Wake Up Through the Night, Claim Experts,” touts the headline of a piece published by the Australian website Healthy Mummy. The piece, based on a 2015 BuzzFeed article, has now been shared 363,000 times on social media. On Thursday, the Irish Independent jumped onboard with a similar piece titled “Why It’s Actually a Good Thing if Your Baby Doesn’t Sleep Through the Night.”
The arguments these articles make, and the assumptions they are based on, are so badly flawed, I almost don’t know where to begin.
A number of animal studies support the notion that sleep promotes memory, learning, and improved cognition, too: Animals deprived of sleep during infancy, for instance, wind up with smaller cerebral cortices as adults.
No doubt, there’s an alluring message here for exhausted parents: that your suffering may ultimately produce a superior child, and since this is all seemingly beyond your control, you should surrender and go with the flow—never mind how little sleep you get.
Example citation:
In “It’s Absurd to Claim That Smarter Babies Sleep Poorly at Night,” Melinda Wenner Moyer (2019) offers a correction to recent articles on the connection between infant intelligence and sleep, saying the articles are “badly flawed.”
Exercise: For each item, select material from the provided text (above) to fill in the blank and complete the citation. Choose enough material to finish the sentence. Use only as much of the blank space as needed.
Conventions for Selecting Material:
You can choose how much or how little to include in your quotation. You don’t have to cite entire sentences. You can cite a single-word if that is what your paper needs. You can cite multiple sentences also, but there are special rules for quotations of four lines or more (that’s when block quotation format is applied). If you change anything within the quotation, place the change in brackets. But be very sparing in your use of this strategy. The best way to go is to adjust your set-up material so that the quoted material doesn’t need to be altered. Only use ellipsis if you remove material from the middle of a quote. When you leave off the beginning or end of a sentence that appears in your direct quotation, you do not need to indicate that with ellipsis.
APA In-Text Citation Practice | Creating Paraphrased Citations Name: |
Source : “Why 1984 Isn't Banned in China” by Amy Hawkins & Jeffry Wasserstrom | The Atlantic | 2019
Censors have banned books simply for containing a positive or even neutral portrayal of the Dalai Lama. The government disallows the publication of any work by Liu Xiaobo, the determined critic of the Communist Party who in 2017 became the first Nobel Peace Prize winner since Nazi times to die in prison. Again, for a time last year Chinese citizens could not type “nineteen,” “eighty,” and “four” in sequence—but they could, and still can, buy a copy of 1984 , the most famous novel on authoritarianism ever written. Prefer Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World? They can buy that text, too, just as easily, although its title also joined the taboo list last winter.
Western commentators often give the impression that Chinese censorship is more comprehensive than it really is due, in part, to a veritable obsession with the government’s handling of the so-called “three Ts” of Taiwan, Tibet, and Tiananmen. A 2013 article in The New York Review of Books states, for example, that “to this day Tiananmen is one of the neuralgic words forbidden—not always successfully—on China’s Internet.” Any book, article, or social media post that so much as mentions these words, the conventional wisdom holds, is liable to disappear.
These patterns may suggest that censors take a rather dim view of their audiences’ abilities—that they believe Chinese citizens are unable to draw a connection between the political situation Orwell described and the nature of their government (unless prompted to do so by a rabble-rouser on the internet). More likely, they’re motivated by elitism, or classism. Analogously, in the United States the MPAA slaps movies with an R rating if they depict nudity, but there’s no warning system for museums that display nude sculptures. The assumption is not that Chinese people can’t figure out the meaning of 1984 , but that the small number of people who will bother to read it won’t pose much of a threat.
Example: A recent article in The Atlantic suggests that Chinese government censorship policies are shaped by a class- oriented belief that the Chinese citizens will seek out books like Orwell’s 1984 will not be inspired to challenge the status quo (Hawkins & Wasserstrom, 2019).
Note: This citation is paraphrasing the point made in the last paragraph of the excerpt.
Exercise: Using the provided text (above), create one paraphrased citation. (Your response should each be one full sentence.)
What needs to be cited vs. What needs to be quoted
Any time you use material from an outside source in your essay, you need to cite the source where the material came from. Always give credit to author(s) of that source. This is true if you are referencing a specific fact, statistic or finding and it is also true if you are referencing an idea, insight or concept. Always cite your sources.
Whenever you borrow language – even just a three-word turn of phrase – you need to place that language in quotation marks. Borrowed language must be quoted language when it appears in your paper. Citing, however, does not always mean quoting. For a variety of reasons, paraphrasing is sometimes the best way to incorporate material from outside sources in your own essay.
What does it mean to paraphrase, exactly?
Paraphrasing means rendering someone else’s ideas in your own words. This requires more than using a thesaurus though. In fact, replacing a few terms with synonyms is not what we want to do when we paraphrase. (This method is actually plagiarism.) Paraphrasing requires that we extract the idea from a research source and find a new way to present it. We need to use original language – a whole new sentence.
Often, this will allow us to explain the idea in fewer words than the original text. (If there is no way to condense the idea into fewer words, we may opt to quote the original text directly.)
APA In-Text Citation Practice | Correct or Incorrect? Name: |
Mark each of the following items as a C (correct) or I (incorrect) according to APA guidelines.
Items 1-5 come from a source without page numbers in the original.
Items 6-10 are cited from a source with page numbers in the original text.
APA In-Text Citation Practice |Creating in-Text Citations Name: |
Using the text and source information provided, create two APA in-text citations. Your citations can be direct quotations or paraphrased citations.
Note: This section of the text comes from Page 5 of the excerpted document.
Title: “Which subpopulations are most likely to watch TV?”
Not everyone watches TV on a given day, but most people do. Of the population ages 15 and older, 79.2 percent spent
some time watching TV on a given day in the period from 2013–17. Chart 2 shows some variation among subpopulations in their likelihood of watching TV; however, the high rates across all groups—including age, employment status, parental
status, and gender—is particularly notable. The group with the lowest percentage of people watching TV per day is 15 to 19 year olds with 72.6 percent.
The high rates of TV watching are supported by data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration showing that even with the number of televisions in U.S. homes declining, more than 97 percent of households used a TV in 2015, with an
average of 2.3 TVs used per household.^5 With televisions present in nearly all U.S. households, TV watching is a leisure activity that is easily accessible to the vast majority of the population. Also, with TV programs, videos, and movies
accessible from such devices as tablets and computers, televisions are no longer needed for people to engage in TV
watching as defined by the ATUS.
Those ages 65 and older were the most likely to watch TV—89.2 percent did so on a given day in the 2013–17 period.
This group also had more leisure and sports time overall than the other populations shown in chart 2, averaging 7 hours 8 minutes per day. Only about 20 percent of those ages 65 and older were employed, and less than 1 percent of them were
parents of children under age 18, so their time was largely free of the demands of work and childcare.
Source: Rachel Krantz-Kent, “Television, capturing America's attention at prime time and beyond.” By Racheck Krantz- Kent Beyond the Numbers: Special Studies & Research , vol. 7, no. 14 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2018).
APA In-Text Citation Practice |Punctuating Citations Name : KEY |
Each of the following in-text citations presents a mistake in punctuation placement. (This could be comma placement, period placement, quotation placement, or placement of parenthesis.)
Circle the punctuation mistake on your paper and, in the space provided, briefly explain how to fix the mistake.
Move the period so that it appears after the parenthesis.
Move the quotation marks so that they appear before the parenthesis.
Move the period so that it appears after the parenthesis.
Eliminate the comma after THAT.
Move the period so that it appears inside the quotation marks.
Eliminate the comma after THAT.
APA In-Text Citation Practice | Correct or Incorrect? Name: KEY |
Mark each of the following items as a C (correct) or I (incorrect) according to APA guidelines.
Items 1-5 come from a source without page numbers in the original.
Items 6-10 are cited from a source with page numbers in the original text.