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Impacts of Columbian Exchange & European Exploration in the Americas: Economic, Political,, Study notes of United States History

An overview of the early explorations of the Americas by Europeans, focusing on the Italian-born explorer Christopher Columbus and the significant economic, political, and social changes that resulted from the contact between Europeans and the original inhabitants. the Columbian Exchange, the transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other, and the impact of Spanish and Portuguese dominance in the region. It also touches upon the discovery of new plants and food, the resolution of territorial differences between Spain and Portugal, and the consequences for the native populations.

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Uploaded on 04/11/2020

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EARLY EXPLORATIONS
CHRISTOPH
ER
COLUMBUS
EXCHANGES DIVIDING
THE
Americas
SPANISH
EXPLORATI
ON AND
CONQUEST
Changing
economic,
political and
social
conditions
shapes the
ambitions of
Italian-born
Columbus
The contact
between
europeans
and the
original
inhabitants
resulted in
the
Columbian
exchange, a
transfer of
plants,
animals &
germs from
one side of
Atlantic to
the other.
Spain and
Portugal were
the first ones
to claim
territories in
the Americas.
Their claims
overlapped,
leading to
disputes.
Spanish
dominance
was more
than a papal
ruling and a
treaty.
He spent
eight years
seeking
financial
support for
his plan to
sail west from
Europe to
“Indies
Europeans
learned about
new plants
and food
such as
beans, corn,
sweet and
white
potatoes,
tomatoes and
tobacco
The catholic
monarchs of
the two
countries
turned to the
pope in Rome
to resolve
their
differences.
Spain owed
its expanding
power to its
explorers and
conquistador
es.
In 1492, he
succeeded in
winning the
backing of
Isabella and
Ferdinand.
They also
contracted
new disease,
syphilis.
The pope
drew a
vertical,
north-south
line on a
world map. It
was called
the line of
demarcation
.
Such as
journey
across the
Isthmus of
Panama to
the pacific
ocean by
Vasco de
Balboa, the
circumnaviga
tion of the
world by the
Ferdinand
Magellan’s
ships, the
conquests of
the Aztecs in
Mexico by
Hernan
Cortes, and
the conquest
of the incas
in Peru by
Francisco
Pizzaro
secured
Spain’s initial
supremacy in
the Americas.
They agreed
to outfit three
ships and to
make
Columbus
governor,
admiral &
viceroy of all
the lands that
he would
claim for
Spain.
Americans
were
introduced to
sugarcane,
bluegrass,
pigs and
horses. As
well as the
wheel, and
iron
implements,
and guns.
The pope
granted
Spain all
lands to to
the west of
the line and
Portugal all
lands on the
east
They
increased the
gold supply
by more than
500 percent
by sending
ships loaded
with gold and
silver back to
Spain from
Mexico and
Peru, making
Spain the
richest and
most
powerful
nation in
Europe.
He sailed
from the
Canary
Islands on
sept 6 and
landed on an
island in the
Bahamas on
October 12.
Deadlier was
the import of
germs and
diseases
such as small
pox and
measles to
which the
natives had
no immunity.
In 1494,
Spain and
Portugal
moved the
pope’s line a
few degrees
to the west
and signed
an agreement
called the
treaty of
Tordesillas.
After seizing
the wealth of
the Indian
empires, the
Spanish
instituted an
economienda
system, with
the kind of
Spain giving
grants of land
and natives
to individual
spaniards.
Reaching
lands on the
other side of
the ocean
brought him
glory in Spain
but 3
subsequent
voyages
across the
Atlantic were
disappointing
because he
found little
gold, few
spices and no
simple path
to china and
Asia.
Millions died
including
entire tribal
communities
The line
passed
through what
is now
country of
Brazil.
The fruits of
these Indian
labors, who
had to farm &
work in the
mines, went
to their
Spanish
masters who
in turn had to
“care for
them.
This treaty,
together with
Portuguese
explorations,
established
Portugals
claim to
Brazil.
As europeans
diseases and
brutalities
reduced the
native
population,
the Spanish
brought
enslaved
people from
west Africa
under the
asiento
system
COLUMBUS’
s LEGACY
Died in 1506,
believing that
he had found
a western
route to Asia.
Spaniards
suspected
that he had
found not a
valuable
trade route,
but aNew
World
Columbus
erroneously
gave the
people he
encountered
the name
“Indians
Land that he
had explored
was named
for someone
else, America
Vespucci,
another
Italian Sailor.
Modern
scholars have
recognized
his great
skills as a
navigator and
his
commitment
in going forth
where
nobody had
ever dared to
venture.
Columbuss
voyages
brought
permanent
interaction
between
people from
all over the
globe, first
time in
history.
He changed
the world
forever.
Spain
claimed the
rest of the
americas.
However,
other
European
countries
soon
challenged
these claims.
This required
the Spanish
to pay a tax
to their king
on each slave
they
imported to
the americas.
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EARLY EXPLORATIONS

CHRISTOPH

ER

COLUMBUS

EXCHANGES DIVIDING

THE

Americas

SPANISH

EXPLORATI

ON AND

CONQUEST

Changing economic, political and social conditions shapes the ambitions of Italian-born Columbus The contact between europeans and the original inhabitants resulted in the Columbian exchange, a transfer of plants, animals & germs from one side of Atlantic to the other. Spain and Portugal were the first ones to claim territories in the Americas. Their claims overlapped, leading to disputes. Spanish dominance was more than a papal ruling and a treaty. He spent eight years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to “Indies” Europeans learned about new plants and food such as beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco The catholic monarchs of the two countries turned to the pope in Rome to resolve their differences. Spain owed its expanding power to its explorers and conquistador es.

one side of Atlantic to the other. He spent eight years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to “Indies” Europeans learned about new plants and food such as beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco The catholic monarchs of the two countries turned to the pope in Rome to resolve their differences. Spain owed its expanding power to its explorers and conquistador es. In 1492, he succeeded in winning the backing of Isabella and Ferdinand. They also contracted new disease, syphilis. The pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map. It was called the line of demarcation . Such as journey across the Isthmus of Panama to the pacific ocean by Vasco de Balboa, the circumnaviga tion of the world by the Ferdinand Magellan’s ships, the conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico by Hernan Cortes, and the conquest of the incas in Peru by Francisco

Spain’s initial supremacy in the Americas. They agreed to outfit three ships and to make Columbus governor, admiral & viceroy of all the lands that he would claim for Spain. Americans were introduced to sugarcane, bluegrass, pigs and horses. As well as the wheel, and iron implements, and guns. The pope granted Spain all lands to to the west of the line and Portugal all lands on the east They increased the gold supply by more than 500 percent by sending ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain from Mexico and Peru, making Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. He sailed from the Canary Islands on sept 6 and landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12. Deadlier was the import of germs and diseases such as small pox and measles to which the natives had no immunity. In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the pope’s line a few degrees to the west and signed an agreement called the treaty of Tordesillas. After seizing the wealth of the Indian empires, the Spanish instituted an economienda system, with the kind of Spain giving grants of land and natives to individual spaniards. Reaching lands on the other side of Millions died including entire tribal The line passed through what The fruits of these Indian labors, who

Tordesillas. and natives to individual spaniards. Reaching lands on the other side of the ocean brought him glory in Spain but 3 subsequent voyages across the Atlantic were disappointing because he found little gold, few spices and no simple path to china and Asia. Millions died including entire tribal communities The line passed through what is now country of Brazil. The fruits of these Indian labors, who had to farm & work in the mines, went to their Spanish masters who in turn had to “care” for them. This treaty, together with Portuguese explorations, established Portugal’s claim to Brazil. As europeans diseases and brutalities reduced the native population, the Spanish brought enslaved people from west Africa under the asiento system COLUMBUS’ s LEGACY Spain claimed the This required the Spanish

erroneously gave the people he encountered the name “Indians” Land that he had explored was named for someone else, America Vespucci, another Italian Sailor. Modern scholars have recognized his great skills as a navigator and his commitment in going forth where nobody had ever dared to venture. Columbus’s voyages brought permanent interaction between people from all over the globe, first time in history. He changed

ENGLISH CLAIMS FRENCH CLAIMS DUTCH CLAIMS

England’s earliest claims to territory in the Americas rested on the voyages of John Cabot , an Italian sea captain who said for England’s king Henry VII. The French monarchy sponsored a voyage in 1524 by an Italian navigator, Giovanni da Verrazano. He explored North America’s eastern coast, including New York harbor. In 1600’s Dutch government hired Henry Hudson, to seek northwestern passage through americas to Asia. Cabot explored the coast of Newfoundland in

Hoping to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia. In 1609, Hudson sailed up a broad river that was later named after him, the Hudson River. England, however did not follow up Cabot’s discoveries. French claims to American territory were based on the voyages of JAQUES CARTIER (1534-1542) who explored the St. Lawrence River extensively. This expedition established dutch claims to the area that would become NEW AMSTERDAM (and later New York) Other issues issues like The Dutch

oceans. Quebec, a fortified village on St. Lawrence River. Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships and seized the gold &silver. Also attacked Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru. Champlain’s strong leadership = Father of New France (title) sir Walter Raleigh, attempted to establish a settlement at Ranaoke island off the North Carolina coast in 1587, but the venture failed. 1673 Louis Jolliet and father Jacques Marquette explored the upper Mississippi river 1682, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississipi Basin, which named after LOUIS XIV, Louisiana. SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN North America Spanish settlements developed slowly as a result of limited mineral resources and strong opposition from American Indians. FLORIDA NEW MEXICO

TEXAS CALIFORNIA

No. Of failed attempts Harsh efforts to christianize the American Indians In between FL and NM, the Spanish established settlements in TX. In response to Russian exploration from Alaska

FLORIDA NEW

MEXICO

TEXAS CALIFORNIA

No. Of failed attempts Harsh efforts to christianize the American Indians In between FL and NM, the Spanish established settlements in TX. In response to Russian exploration from Alaska Strong resistance of American Indians Pueblo people revolted in 1680 San Diego in 1769, San Francisco in 1776, St.augustine in 1565 Santa Fe in 1610 as capital of New Mexico. Communities grew in 1700’s as spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River. By 1784, series of missions or settlements had been established along the California coast by members of the Franciscan order. Today, it is the oldest city in North America founded by europeans The Spanish were driven from the area until 1692. Father Junipero Serra founded nine of these missions.