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An overview of the early explorations of the Americas by Europeans, focusing on the Italian-born explorer Christopher Columbus and the significant economic, political, and social changes that resulted from the contact between Europeans and the original inhabitants. the Columbian Exchange, the transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other, and the impact of Spanish and Portuguese dominance in the region. It also touches upon the discovery of new plants and food, the resolution of territorial differences between Spain and Portugal, and the consequences for the native populations.
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Americas
Changing economic, political and social conditions shapes the ambitions of Italian-born Columbus The contact between europeans and the original inhabitants resulted in the Columbian exchange, a transfer of plants, animals & germs from one side of Atlantic to the other. Spain and Portugal were the first ones to claim territories in the Americas. Their claims overlapped, leading to disputes. Spanish dominance was more than a papal ruling and a treaty. He spent eight years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to “Indies” Europeans learned about new plants and food such as beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco The catholic monarchs of the two countries turned to the pope in Rome to resolve their differences. Spain owed its expanding power to its explorers and conquistador es.
one side of Atlantic to the other. He spent eight years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to “Indies” Europeans learned about new plants and food such as beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco The catholic monarchs of the two countries turned to the pope in Rome to resolve their differences. Spain owed its expanding power to its explorers and conquistador es. In 1492, he succeeded in winning the backing of Isabella and Ferdinand. They also contracted new disease, syphilis. The pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map. It was called the line of demarcation . Such as journey across the Isthmus of Panama to the pacific ocean by Vasco de Balboa, the circumnaviga tion of the world by the Ferdinand Magellan’s ships, the conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico by Hernan Cortes, and the conquest of the incas in Peru by Francisco
Spain’s initial supremacy in the Americas. They agreed to outfit three ships and to make Columbus governor, admiral & viceroy of all the lands that he would claim for Spain. Americans were introduced to sugarcane, bluegrass, pigs and horses. As well as the wheel, and iron implements, and guns. The pope granted Spain all lands to to the west of the line and Portugal all lands on the east They increased the gold supply by more than 500 percent by sending ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain from Mexico and Peru, making Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. He sailed from the Canary Islands on sept 6 and landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12. Deadlier was the import of germs and diseases such as small pox and measles to which the natives had no immunity. In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the pope’s line a few degrees to the west and signed an agreement called the treaty of Tordesillas. After seizing the wealth of the Indian empires, the Spanish instituted an economienda system, with the kind of Spain giving grants of land and natives to individual spaniards. Reaching lands on the other side of Millions died including entire tribal The line passed through what The fruits of these Indian labors, who
Tordesillas. and natives to individual spaniards. Reaching lands on the other side of the ocean brought him glory in Spain but 3 subsequent voyages across the Atlantic were disappointing because he found little gold, few spices and no simple path to china and Asia. Millions died including entire tribal communities The line passed through what is now country of Brazil. The fruits of these Indian labors, who had to farm & work in the mines, went to their Spanish masters who in turn had to “care” for them. This treaty, together with Portuguese explorations, established Portugal’s claim to Brazil. As europeans diseases and brutalities reduced the native population, the Spanish brought enslaved people from west Africa under the asiento system COLUMBUS’ s LEGACY Spain claimed the This required the Spanish
erroneously gave the people he encountered the name “Indians” Land that he had explored was named for someone else, America Vespucci, another Italian Sailor. Modern scholars have recognized his great skills as a navigator and his commitment in going forth where nobody had ever dared to venture. Columbus’s voyages brought permanent interaction between people from all over the globe, first time in history. He changed
England’s earliest claims to territory in the Americas rested on the voyages of John Cabot , an Italian sea captain who said for England’s king Henry VII. The French monarchy sponsored a voyage in 1524 by an Italian navigator, Giovanni da Verrazano. He explored North America’s eastern coast, including New York harbor. In 1600’s Dutch government hired Henry Hudson, to seek northwestern passage through americas to Asia. Cabot explored the coast of Newfoundland in
Hoping to find a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia. In 1609, Hudson sailed up a broad river that was later named after him, the Hudson River. England, however did not follow up Cabot’s discoveries. French claims to American territory were based on the voyages of JAQUES CARTIER (1534-1542) who explored the St. Lawrence River extensively. This expedition established dutch claims to the area that would become NEW AMSTERDAM (and later New York) Other issues issues like The Dutch
oceans. Quebec, a fortified village on St. Lawrence River. Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships and seized the gold &silver. Also attacked Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru. Champlain’s strong leadership = Father of New France (title) sir Walter Raleigh, attempted to establish a settlement at Ranaoke island off the North Carolina coast in 1587, but the venture failed. 1673 Louis Jolliet and father Jacques Marquette explored the upper Mississippi river 1682, Robert de La Salle explored the Mississipi Basin, which named after LOUIS XIV, Louisiana. SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN North America Spanish settlements developed slowly as a result of limited mineral resources and strong opposition from American Indians. FLORIDA NEW MEXICO
No. Of failed attempts Harsh efforts to christianize the American Indians In between FL and NM, the Spanish established settlements in TX. In response to Russian exploration from Alaska
No. Of failed attempts Harsh efforts to christianize the American Indians In between FL and NM, the Spanish established settlements in TX. In response to Russian exploration from Alaska Strong resistance of American Indians Pueblo people revolted in 1680 San Diego in 1769, San Francisco in 1776, St.augustine in 1565 Santa Fe in 1610 as capital of New Mexico. Communities grew in 1700’s as spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi River. By 1784, series of missions or settlements had been established along the California coast by members of the Franciscan order. Today, it is the oldest city in North America founded by europeans The Spanish were driven from the area until 1692. Father Junipero Serra founded nine of these missions.