AP Psychology Exam Cram Sheet
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PEOPLE
Wundt- "Father of Psychology": Introspection
Wertheimer- Gestalt Psychology
Titchner- Structuralism
James- Functionalism
Watson- Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"
Freud- Psychoanalytic; dream analysis; free
association; structure of personality; stages of
development; defense mechanisms
Milgram- Obedience; Ethics
Broca- left frontal lobe: associated with expressive
language
Wernicke- left frontal lobe: receptive language
Pavlov- Classical conditioning: dogs
Thorndike- Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect
Skinner- Operant conditioning: rats and pigeons;
Behaviorist
Tolman- Latent learning; cognitive maps
Bandura- Observational learning: Bobo Dolls,
Social-Cognitive Theory
Ebbinghaus- Forgetting: Decay Model
Chomsky- (Native Theorist) Inherent Existence of
sets of cognitive structures
Whorf- Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Washoe, Sara and Koko- apes from language
studies
Jung- Collective unconscious; archetypes;
Psychoanalytic
Horney- Basic childhood anxiety; Psychoanalytic
Erickson- Life crisis; psycho-social development;
Psychoanalytic
Adler- Inferiority Complex; Psychoanalytic
Piaget- Stages of Cognitive Development; Cognitive
theorist
Rogers- Client-centered; unconditional positive
regard; transactional Analysis
Ellis- Rational Emotive Therapy; Cognitive Theorist
Maslow- Hierarchy of Needs; Humanistic
Binet- I.Q.
Eysenck- Biological model of Personality; Trait-type
hierarchy
Harlow- Monkey Studies; Attachment
Lorenz- "Survival of the Fittest Theory" and
imprinting
Phineas Gage- Railroad spike; damaged (limbic
system), emotions/motivational control center
Beck- Cognitive therapy treating depression
Murray- Need to achieve; TAT
Allport- Trait Approach-cardinal, central, secondary
Cattell- Crystallized Fluid Intelligence
Kelley- Personal Construct Theory
Mishel- Social-learning theory
Gilligan- examined moral differences between boys
and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring
and responsibility (turtle and Hare scenario)
PERSPECTIVES
General
Behaviorism- learning; environmental; nurture
Biological- physiology; genetics; nature
Cognitive- mental processes
Psychoanalytic- unconscious conflicts
Humanistic- freewill; self-direction; basis goodness of people
Gestalt- Emphasizes the organization process in behavior. Focuses on problem of perception
Personality
Psychoanalytic- People are driven by instincts, largely sexual
Behaviorist- Behavior is personality; determined by history of reinforcement
Humanistic- People are inherently good, society ruins them, people strive to satisfy a hierarchy of motives toward self-
actualization
Cognitive- People are rational and want to predict and control their world, personal constructs help in this process
Biological- Biological factors such as body type or genetics
Abnormal
Psychoanalytic- Emerge from initial psychological conflicts that are unconscious, often arising from childhood trauma
Biomedical- Traceable to physical abnormalities, biochemistry, structural defects
Cognitive- Results from unusual ways of thinking, inappropriate belief system
Behavioral- Results from faulty contingencies of reinforcement contexts contribute to the development of psychological
disorders
Cultural- Variables such as social class, gender and rural-urban contexts contribute to the development of psychological
disorders
