AP Human Geography Essential Models And Vocabulary Scrap Book, Study notes of Geography

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AP Human

Geography

Essential Models

And

Vocabulary

Scrap Book

Mr. Daniel J. Whalen M.A.

Table of Contents

Topic in Geography Pages

Agriculture and

Rural Land Use

Cities and Urban Land Use 12 - 24

Cultural Patterns

and Processes

Industrialization and

Economic Development

Perspectives on Geography 68 - 79

Political Geography 80 - 85

Population Studies 86 - 103

Appendix and End Notes 104 - 106

Von Thunen’s Agricultural Model

i Summary: p. The main aim of von Thunen’s analysis was to show how and why agricultural land use varies with distance from a market. Assumptions: o The city is located centrally within an "Isolated State." o The Isolated State is surrounded by wilderness. o The land is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains. o Soil quality and climate are consistent. o Farmers in the Isolated State transport their own goods to market via oxcart, across land, directly to the central city. There are no roads. o Farmers behave rationally to maximize profits The model generated four concentric rings of agricultural activity. o Ring 1: Dairying and intensive farming lies closest to the city. Since vegetables, fruit, milk and other dairy products must get to market quickly; they would be produced close to the city. o Ring 2: Here timber and firewood would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second ring. Wood was a very important fuel for heating and cooking and is very heavy and difficult to transport so it is located close to the city. o Ring 3: Consists of extensive fields crops such as grain. Since grains last longer than dairy products and are much lighter than fuel, reducing transport costs, they can be located further from the city. o Ring 4: Ranching is located in the final ring. Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self-transporting. Animals can walk to the central city for sale or for butchering. o Beyond the fourth ring lies the wilderness, which is too great a distance from the central city for any type of agricultural product. Student Notes:

Boserup’s Stages of Intensive Farming

Visual

Summary: p. Student Notes:

Percentage of Labor Force Engaged in Agriculture

Summary: P. Student Notes:

Simplified Climatic Regions

Summary: p. Student Notes:

Unit Five: Agricultural and Rural Land Use

Agribusiness The businesses collectively associated with the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products. Agriculture the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming. Agricultural Revolution (First) The transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement Agricultural Revolution (Second) The introduction of technology to agriculture resulted in increased yields for commercial sale. Agricultural Revolution (Third) The introduction of biological engineering to increase yields for commercial sale AND subsistence farmers Aquaculture the cultivation of aquatic animals and plants, esp. fish, shellfish, and seaweed, in natural or controlled marine or freshwater environments; underwater agriculture. Biotechnology The use of a living organism to solve an engineering problem or perform an industrial task. Chaff the husks of grains and grasses that are separated during threshing. Combine a harvesting machine for cutting and threshing grain in the field Commercial agriculture Agriculture which exists solely for the purpose of making profit; characterized by highly mechanized operation in vast swaths of land. Crop Cultivated plants or agricultural produce, such as grain, vegetables, or fruit, considered as a group: Wheat is a common crop. Crop rotation / Shifting Agriculture The system of varying successive crops in a definite order on the same ground, esp. to avoid depleting the soil and to control weeds, diseases, and pests. Collective farm A farm, or a number of farms organized as a unit, worked by a community under the supervision of the state. Domestication (Animal) A population of animals must have their behavior, life cycle, or physiology systemically altered as a result of being under human control for many generations. Domestication (Plant) A domesticated plant, strictly defined, is one whose reproductive success depends on human intervention; in addition their plant is systematically controlled to meet a human need. Desertification the rapid depletion of plant life and the loss of topsoil at desert boundaries and in semiarid regions, usually caused by a combination of drought and the overexploitation of grasses and other vegetation by people. Dairying The business of owning and operating a dairy or a dairy farm. Double cropping to raise two consecutive crops on the same land within a single growing season. Grain a small, hard seed, esp. the seed of a food plant such as wheat, corn, rye, oats, rice, or millet. Green revolution The rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970’s and 1980’s mainly involving higher-yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers. Forestry the science of planting and taking care of trees and forests Horticulture the cultivation of a garden, orchard, or nursery; the cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants. Hull the husk, shell, or outer covering of a seed or fruit. Hunting and Gathering the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Intensive agriculture an agricultural production system characterized by the high inputs of capital, labor, or heavy usage of technologies such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area Intertillage Planting between rows of crop plants already prepared for the growth of crops. Livestock the horses, cattle, sheep, and other useful animals kept or raised on a farm or ranch. Milk shed a region producing milk for a specific community: the Mediterranean Agriculture Found in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. It has developed as a result of the warm wet winters and hot dry summers in this area. Cereal crops are sown in the autumn and harvested in late spring. Trees and vines are grown and crops from them, such as grapes and olives, are collected in the summer after ripening. In addition, goats and sheep are often kept to provide extra income Narco-agriculture The cultivation of Narcotics for the black market; this usually occurs in areas out of reach of the state or in states were Narcotics cultivation is not illegal.

Paddy a rice field Pampas The Pampas of South America are a grassland biome. They are flat, fertile plains that covers an area of 300,000 sq. miles or 777,000 square kilometers, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes Mountains. Pasture an area covered with grass or other plants used or suitable for the grazing of livestock; grassland Plantation A large estate or farm usually dedicated to one crop, often raised by resident workers Prime agricultural land Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is also available for these uses Ranching An extensive farm, especially in the western United States, on which large herds of cattle, sheep, or horses are raised Reaper a machine for cutting standing grain; reaping machine Ridge tillage a reduced tillage system that is somewhere between no-till and conventional tillage. Crops are planted on ridges that stay in the same location year after Sawah A flooded field for rice cultivation or artificial paddy. Seed agriculture Reproduction of plants through seeds. Slash and burn agriculture/ Swidden Slashing existing vegetation and burning it in order to create fertilizer. Spring wheat Spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer or early fall. Subsistence agriculture Producing food for personal or community consumption Sustainable agriculture Using agricultural practices which conserve the fertility of the land and ensure Thresh To separate the grain or seeds from (a cereal plant or the like) by some mechanical means, as by beating with a flail Truck farming A farm producing vegetables for the market Von Thünen’s Model Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) developed a model of land use that showed how market processes could determine how land in different locations would be used. Wet rice In wet rice agriculture, seeds are sown in small seedbeds; the seedlings are then transplanted one by one to prepared paddy fields. While the plants are maturing, they must be kept irrigated, but as the rice ripens the fields are drained. The rice is then harvested and threshed by hand. Wet rice agriculture is labor-intensive, Winter wheat which normally accounts for 70 to 80 percent of U.S. production, is sown in the fall and harvested in the spring or summer

AP Human

Geography

Essential Models

And

Vocabulary

Scrap Book

Mr. Daniel J. Whalen M.A.

Table of Contents

Topic in Geography Pages

Agriculture and

Rural Land Use

Cities and Urban Land Use 12 - 24

Cultural Patterns

and Processes

Industrialization and

Economic Development

Perspectives on Geography 68 - 79

Political Geography 80 - 85

Population Studies 86 - 103

Appendix and End Notes 104 - 106

Concentric Zone Model

i Summary: p. In 1925, Burgess presented a descriptive urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles expanding from the downtown to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgess' observations of a number of American cities, notably Chicago, for which he provided empirical evidence. The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the CBD. The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing, but the longer the commuting time. Thus, accessing better housing is done at the expense of longer commuting times (and costs). According to this monocentric model (see above figure), a large city is divided in six concentric zones:  Zone I : Central Business District (CBD) where most of the tertiary employment is located and where the urban transport infrastructure is converging, making this zone the most accessible.  Zone II : Immediately adjacent to the CBD a zone where many industrial activities locate to take advantage of nearby labor and markets. Further, most transport terminals, namely port sites and railyards, are located adjacent to the central area.  Zone III : This zone is gradually been reconverted to other uses by expanding manufacturing / industrial activities. It contains the poorest segment of the urban population, notably first generation immigrants living, in the lowest housing conditions.  Zone IV : Residential zone dominated by the working class and those who were able to move away from the previous zone (often second generation immigrants). This zone has the advantage of being located near the major zones of employment (I and II) and thus represents a low cost location for the working class.  Zone V : Represents higher quality housing linked with longer commuting costs.  Zone VI : Mainly high class and expensive housing in a rural, suburbanized, setting. The commuting costs are the highest. Prior to mass diffusion of the automobile (1930s), most of these settlements were located next to rail stations. Student Notes:

Sector Model

Summary: p. Student Notes:

Peripheral Model

Summary: p. Student Notes:

The Latin American City

Summary: Surrounding the spine/sector is a series of residential zones that are in direct opposition to the zones in Anglo American cities. According to this new model, these residential areas are classified as either a zone of maturity, a zone of in situ accretion, or a zone of peripheral squatter settlements. Each zone represents a distinct stage in the urbanization process; while the zone of maturity is one in which a stable population has gradually transformed the district into one that is fully serviced. Tthe zone of squatter settlements is characterized by recent migrants and “is the worst section of the city in terms of housing quality and public services”. Functioning as a transitional zone, that of in situ accretion “has modest residential quality but shows signs of transition to a zone of maturity” Student Notes: