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AP European History - Unit 6:
Industrialization and Its Effects
Industrial Revolution A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century. It carried economic, social, AND political impacts. Industrialization The development of industries for the machine production of goods. Mechanization The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early- nineteenth-century England. (p. 603) Spinning Jenny A simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine created by James Hargreaves in 1765.
Water Frame A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used water power; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory. Steam Engines A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient steam engine, patented in
James Watt (1736-1819) Scottish engineer; invented the steam engine; "Father of the Industrial Revolution" Combination Acts of 1799 British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over
Great Exhibition of 1851 In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world. Crystal Palace The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron. Iron Law of Wages Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level. Tariff Protection A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods
from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products. Class Consciousness - Working Class During the first half of the 1800s, many works began to consider themselves members of the working class, with interests that were different from those of their employers and the middle class (note their working and living conditions). -- Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes. Urbanization tied to Industrialization Urbanization occurred rapidly throughout the 1800s. Examples: London grew from about 900,000 to 2,363,000 by 1850. Paris grew from 547,000 in 1801 to 1,053,000 by 1851. Utopian Socialism Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively Flora Tristan (1803-1844) French reformer who is considered one of the founders of modern feminism and an early socialist. Her several books on women's rights and social
