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AP Chemistry Cheat Sheet 2020 Chem Reference Sheet, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

Escuela de Artes Plásticas de Puerto RicoChemistry

Formulas for basic equations, Electrochemistry and constants in chemistry

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2020/2021

Uploaded on 04/23/2021

ekaashaah
ekaashaah 🇺🇸

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AP CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET
EQUATIONS
Basic
Density:
€
d=m
V
Kinetic energy:
€
KE =1
2
mv 2
Einstein’s Eq’n:
€
E=mc 2
Atomic Structure
Frequency of light:
€
ν
=c
λ
Energy of photon:
€
E=h
ν
or
€
E=hc
λ
De Broglie eq’n:
€
λ
=h
mv
Uncertainty Principle:
Energy of Hydrogen e− levels:
€
En=−2.18 ×10−18 J1
n2
⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟
Bonding
Coulomb’s Law:
€
E=2.31 ×10−19 J•nm Q
1Q2
r
⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟
Dipole moment:
€
µ
=qr
Gases, Liquids, & Solutions
Ideal Gas Law:
€
PV =nRT
Van der Waal’s Eq’n:
€
P+an
V
⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟
2
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥ ×V−nb
[ ]
=nRT
Combined Gas Law:
€
P
1
V
1
T
1
=P
2V2
T2
Dalton’s Law:
€
P
tot =P
1+P
2+P
3+...
Average Kinetic Energy:
€
KE avg =3
2RT
Root Mean Square Velocity:
€
urms =3RT
M
Effusion:
€
rate A
rate B =MB
MA
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation:
€
ln P
vap =−ΔHvap
RT +ln
β
€
ln P
2
P
1
=−ΔHvap
R
1
T2
−1
T
1
⎛
⎝
⎜
⎞
⎠
⎟
Solution dilution:
€
M1
V
1=M2V2
Henry’s Law:
€
Sgas =kHP
gas
Raoult’s Law:
€
P
sol'n =
χ
solvP
solv
FPD:
€
ΔTf=m×iKf
BPE:
€
ΔTb=m×iKb
Osmotic pressure:
€
Π=MRT
Thermodynamics
Internal energy:
€
ΔE=q+w
Heat Capacity:
€
q=mCsΔT
Pressure-Volume Work:
€
w=−PΔV
Change in Enthalpy:
€
ΔH=ΔE+PΔV
Entropy:
€
S=k ln W
Change in Entropy of Surroundings:
€
ΔSsurr =−ΔHsys
T
Change in Gibb’s Free Energy:
€
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
Free Energy (nonstandard):
€
ΔGrxn =ΔGrxn
+RT ln Q
Gibb’s Free Energy and K:
€
ΔGrxn
=−RT ln K
Kinetics
The Rate Law:
€
Rate =kA
[ ]
mB
[ ]
n
Arrhenius Equation (linear):
€
ln k=−Ea
R
1
T
⎛
⎝
⎜ ⎞
⎠
⎟ +ln A
Integrated Rate Laws (0,1,2):
€
A
[ ]
t=−kt +A
[ ]
0
€
ln A
[ ]
t=−kt +ln A
[ ]
0
€
1
A
[ ]
t
=kt +1
A
[ ]
0
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Constant:
€
Keq =C
[ ]
c×D
[ ]
d
A
[ ]
a×B
[ ]
b
Acid Base Equilibrium:
€
pH = −log H 3O+
[ ]
€
pOH = −log OH −
[ ]
€
Kw=H+
[ ]
OH−
[ ]
=1.0 ×10−14
€
Ka=
H+
[ ]
A−
[ ]
HA
[ ]
€
Kb=
HB+
[ ]
OH−
[ ]
B
[ ]
!
Henderson)Hasselbalch!Eq’n:! !
€
pH = pKa+log base
acid
⎡
⎣
⎢
⎤
⎦
⎥
Electrochemistry!
Nernst Eq’n:
€
Ecell =Ecell
−0.0592 V
nlogQ
€
ΔG=−nFEcell
CONSTANTS
1 amu = 1.6605 × 10−27 kg
Avogadro’s # (NA) = 6.02214 × 1023 mol−1
Bohr radius (a0) = 5.2918 × 10−11 m
Bolzmann’s const. (k) = 1.3807 × 10-23 J/K
Faraday’s const. (F) = 9.6485 × 104 C/mol
Planck’s const. (h) = 6.6261 × 10−34 Js
Gas const. (R) = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK)
= 8.3145 J/(molK)
Electron charge (e) = 1.6022 × 10−19 C
Mass of electron (me) = 9.1093826 × 10–31 kg
Mass of proton (mp) = 1.67262171 × 10–27 kg
Mass of neutron (mn) = 1.6749273 × 10–27 kg
Speed of light (c) = 2.9979 × 108 m/s

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AP CHEMISTRY REFERENCE SHEET

EQUATIONS Basic Density: € d = m V Kinetic energy: €

KE =

mv 2 Einstein’s Eq’n: € E = mc^2 Atomic Structure Frequency of light: € ν = c λ Energy of photon: E = h ν or €

E =

hc λ De Broglie eq’n: € λ = h mv Uncertainty Principle: € Δ x • m Δ v ≥ h 4 π Energy of Hydrogen e levels: En = −2.18 × 10 −^18 J

n^2

Bonding Coulomb’s Law: E = 2.31 × 10 −^19 J • nm

Q 1 Q 2

r

Dipole moment: €

μ = qr

Gases, Liquids, & Solutions Ideal Gas Law: € PV = nRT Van der Waal’s Eq’n: P + a n V

⎡^2

⎥ × [ V − nb ] = nRT

Combined Gas Law: €

P 1 V 1

T 1

P 2 V 2

T 2

Dalton’s Law: € Ptot = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + ... Average Kinetic Energy: € KE avg =

RT

Root Mean Square Velocity: € urms =

3 RT

M

Effusion: € rate A rate B

M B

M A

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: € ln P vap = −Δ H vap RT

  • ln β € ln

P 2

P 1

−Δ H vap R

T 2

T 1

Solution dilution: €

M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2

Henry’s Law: € S gas = k H P gas Raoult’s Law: € P sol'n = χsolv Psolv^  FPD: € Δ T f = m × iK f BPE: € Δ T b = m × iK b Osmotic pressure: €

Π = M RT

Thermodynamics Internal energy: € Δ E = q + w Heat Capacity: € q = mCs Δ T Pressure-Volume Work: € w = − P Δ V Change in Enthalpy: €

Δ H = Δ E + P Δ V

Entropy: € S = k ln W Change in Entropy of Surroundings: € Δ Ssurr = −Δ Hsys T Change in Gibb’s Free Energy: €

Δ G = Δ H − T Δ S

Free Energy (nonstandard): € Δ G rxn = Δ G rxn 

  • RT ln Q Gibb’s Free Energy and K: € Δ G rxn  = − RT ln K Kinetics The Rate Law: €

Rate = k [ A]

m

[ B ]

n Arrhenius Equation (linear): ln k = − Ea R

T

⎟ + ln A Integrated Rate Laws (0,1,2): €

[ A ] t = − kt + [ A] 0

ln [A ] t = − kt + ln [A ] 0

[ A] t

= kt +

[ A ] 0

Equilibrium Equilibrium Constant: € K eq =

[ C ]

c

× [ D ]

d

[ A ]

a

× [ B ]

b Acid Base Equilibrium: €

pH = −log [H 3 O+]

pOH = −log [OH −]

K w = [H +] [OH −] = 1.0 × 10 −^14

Ka =

[H +] [ A−]

[ HA ]

Kb =

HB

[ ] OH

−

[ ]

[ B ]

Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch Eq’n: € pH = pKa + log base acid

Electrochemistry Nernst Eq’n: € E cell = E cell^ ^ −

0.0592 V

n log Q € Δ G ^ = − nFE cell^  CONSTANTS 1 amu = 1.6605 × 10 27 kg Avogadro’s # ( NA ) = 6.022 14 × 1023 mol 1 Bohr radius ( a 0 ) = 5.2918 × 10 11 m Bolzmann’s const. ( k ) = 1.3807 × 10 -^23 J/K Faraday’s const. ( F ) = 9.6485 × 104 C/mol Planck’s const. ( h ) = 6.6261 × 10 34 Js Gas const. ( R ) = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK) = 8.3145 J/(molK) Electron charge ( e ) = 1.6022 × 10 19 C Mass of electron ( me ) = 9.1093826 × 10 –^31 kg Mass of proton ( mp ) = 1.67262171 × 10 –^27 kg Mass of neutron ( mn ) = 1.6749273 × 10 –^27 kg Speed of light ( c ) = 2.9979 × 108 m/s