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Formulas for basic equations, Electrochemistry and constants in chemistry
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EQUATIONS Basic Density: € d = m V Kinetic energy: €
mv 2 Einstein’s Eq’n: € E = mc^2 Atomic Structure Frequency of light: € ν = c λ Energy of photon: E = h ν or €
hc λ De Broglie eq’n: € λ = h mv Uncertainty Principle: € Δ x • m Δ v ≥ h 4 π Energy of Hydrogen e levels: En = −2.18 × 10 −^18 J
n^2
Bonding Coulomb’s Law: E = 2.31 × 10 −^19 J • nm
r
Dipole moment: €
Gases, Liquids, & Solutions Ideal Gas Law: € PV = nRT Van der Waal’s Eq’n: P + a n V
Combined Gas Law: €
Dalton’s Law: € Ptot = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 + ... Average Kinetic Energy: € KE avg =
Root Mean Square Velocity: € urms =
Effusion: € rate A rate B
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: € ln P vap = −Δ H vap RT
−Δ H vap R
Solution dilution: €
Henry’s Law: € S gas = k H P gas Raoult’s Law: € P sol'n = χsolv Psolv^ FPD: € Δ T f = m × iK f BPE: € Δ T b = m × iK b Osmotic pressure: €
Thermodynamics Internal energy: € Δ E = q + w Heat Capacity: € q = mCs Δ T Pressure-Volume Work: € w = − P Δ V Change in Enthalpy: €
Entropy: € S = k ln W Change in Entropy of Surroundings: € Δ Ssurr = −Δ Hsys T Change in Gibb’s Free Energy: €
Free Energy (nonstandard): € Δ G rxn = Δ G rxn
m
n Arrhenius Equation (linear): ln k = − Ea R
⎟ + ln A Integrated Rate Laws (0,1,2): €
= kt +
Equilibrium Equilibrium Constant: € K eq =
c
d
a
b Acid Base Equilibrium: €
Ka =
Kb =
−
Henderson-‐Hasselbalch Eq’n: € pH = pKa + log base acid
Electrochemistry Nernst Eq’n: € E cell = E cell^ ^ −
n log Q € Δ G ^ = − nFE cell^ CONSTANTS 1 amu = 1.6605 × 10 27 kg Avogadro’s # ( NA ) = 6.022 14 × 1023 mol 1 Bohr radius ( a 0 ) = 5.2918 × 10 11 m Bolzmann’s const. ( k ) = 1.3807 × 10 -^23 J/K Faraday’s const. ( F ) = 9.6485 × 104 C/mol Planck’s const. ( h ) = 6.6261 × 10 34 Js Gas const. ( R ) = 0.0821 (Latm)/(molK) = 8.3145 J/(molK) Electron charge ( e ) = 1.6022 × 10 19 C Mass of electron ( me ) = 9.1093826 × 10 –^31 kg Mass of proton ( mp ) = 1.67262171 × 10 –^27 kg Mass of neutron ( mn ) = 1.6749273 × 10 –^27 kg Speed of light ( c ) = 2.9979 × 108 m/s