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AP Biology Equations and Formulas, Cheat Sheet of Biology

AP bio formula sheet include statistical analysis and probability, metric prefixes, rate and growth.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2021/2022

Uploaded on 02/07/2022

ekasha
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Appendix A A1
Appendix A
AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND
FORMULAS
StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample
based estimate of the standard deviation of the
population)
x = mean
n = size of the sample
o = observed individuals with observed genotype
e = expected individuals with observed genotype
Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct
possible outcomes minus one.
Standard Error Mean
Standard Deviation Chi-Square
chi-SquAre tAble
Degrees of Freedom
p12345678
0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15.51
0.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20.09
lAwS of ProbAbility
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
If A and B are independent, then P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
hArdy-weinberg equAtionS
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant
allele in a population
p + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive
allele in a population
Metric PrefixeS
Factor Prefix Symbol
109giga G
106mega M
103kilo k
10-2 centi c
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro μ
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set
Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set
Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points
Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)
pf2

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Appendix A A

Appendix A

AP BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND

FORMULAS

StAtiSticAl AnAlySiS And ProbAbility (^) s = sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample based estimate of the standard deviation of the population) x = mean n = size of the sample o = observed individuals with observed genotype e = expected individuals with observed genotype

Degrees of freedom equals the number of distinct possible outcomes minus one.

Standard Error Mean

Standard Deviation Chi-Square

chi-SquAre tAble Degrees of Freedom p 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.05 3.84 5.99 7.82 9.49 11.07 12.59 14.07 15. 0.01 6.64 9.32 11.34 13.28 15.09 16.81 18.48 20. lAwS of ProbAbility If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B) If A and B are independent, then P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B) hArdy-weinberg equAtionS

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 p = frequency of the dominant

allele in a population

p + q = 1 q = frequency of the recessive

allele in a population

Metric PrefixeS Factor Prefix Symbol 10 9 giga G 10 6 mega M 10 3 kilo k 10 -2^ centi c 10 -3^ milli m 10 -6^ micro μ 10 -9^ nano n 10 -12^ pico p Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)

A2 Appendix A

rAte And growth water Potential (Ψ)

Ψ = Ψp + Ψs

Ψp = pressure potential

Ψs = solute potential

The water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an open container, since the pressure potential of the solution in an open container is zero. the Solute Potential of the Solution

Ψs = – iCRT

i = ionization constant (For sucrose this is 1.0 because sucrose does not ionize in water.) C = molar concentration R = pressure constant (R = 0.0831 liter bars/mole K) T = temperature in Kelvin (273 + ºC)

rate dY/dt Population growth dN/dt=B-D exponential growth

logistic growth

dY= amount of change t = time B = birth rate D = death rate N = population size K = carrying capacity rmax = maximum per capita growth rate of population

temperature coefficient q 10

Primary Productivity calculation

mg O 2 /L x 0.698 = mL O 2 /L

mL O 2 /L x 0.536 = mg carbon fixed/L

t 2 = higher temperature t 1 = lower temperature k 2 = metabolic rate at t 2 k 1 = metabolic rate at t 1 Q 10 = the factor by which the reaction rate increases when the temperature is raised by ten degrees SurfAce AreA And VoluMe (^) dilution – used to create a dilute solution from a concentrated stock solution

CiVi = CfVf

i = initial (starting) C = concentration of solute f = final (desired) V = volume of solution

Volume of a Sphere

V = 4/3 π r^3

Volume of a cube (or Square column)

V = l w h

Volume of a column

V = π r^2 h

Surface Area of a Sphere

A = 4 π r^2

Surface Area of a cube

A = 6 a

Surface Area of a rectangular Solid

A = Σ (surface area of each side)

r = radius l = length h = height w = width A = surface area V = volume

Σ = Sum of all

a = surface area of one side of the cube gibbs free energy ΔG = ΔH – TΔS ΔG = change in Gibbs free energy ΔS = change in entropy ΔH = change in enthalpy T= absolute temperature (in Kelvin) ph = – log [H+]