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A comprehensive overview of various anxiety and mood disorders, including panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd), post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd), and mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (mdd) and bipolar disorder. It covers the key characteristics, risk factors, and theoretical perspectives on these disorders. The document also discusses the biological factors, learning theories, and predictors of suicide related to mood disorders. With its detailed information and exam-focused content, this document could be a valuable resource for students studying abnormal psychology, particularly in preparation for an exam in 2023.
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Panic Disorder - ANS-Experience recurrent, terrifying panic attacks that come without warning Builds to a peak in 10 to 15 minutes, but can last for hours Initial one spontaneous, but recurrent ones become associated with cues Marked by: Intense heart palpitations Pressure or pain in the chest Dizziness or unsteadiness Sweating Feeling of faintness Feels like a heart attack Phobia - ANS-Fear that is disproportionate to threat Only a disorder when it impairs functioning Three distinct types of phobias Specific Phobia Social Phobia Agoraphobia Agoraphobia - ANS-Fear of places or situations where escape is not possible More common in women Onset in late adolescence or early adulthood OCD - ANS-Different the Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder! Persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) often center on the possibility of infection, contamination or doing harm to oneself Obsessive thoughts may motivate ritualistic, repetitive behaviors (compulsions) Performs to avoid some dreaded outcome or to reduce feeling of anxiety Most are checking or cleaning behaviors Intense, disturbing, and often bizarre intrusions that impair daily activities (taking up more than one hour a day) Equally common in males and females Usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood, but may emerge as early as 4 PTSD - ANS-The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present: The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened deaths or serious injury The person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror
The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in (or more) of the following: Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions Recurrent distressing dreams of the event Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (flashbacks) Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event Physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues Mood Disorder - ANS-Experiencing unusually severe or intense feelings of depression or mania for an extended period of time. MDD Risk Factors - ANS-Risk Factors Age - onset greatest in young adults SES - lower SES more at risk Marital Status - separated or divorced at higher risk Gender - Women twice as likely Why? Hormonal fluctuations Greater stress burden Coping styles - Rumination Self-esteem issues Reporting bias Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder - ANS-Presence of at least one manic episode A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood lasting at least 1 week During this period, three or more of the following symptoms have persisted: Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing Distractibility Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences Bipolar I/II - ANS-Bipolar I Manic episodes alternate with periods of deep depression Occurs in 0.4-1.6% of adults men and women equally affected Men starts with manic episode Women starts with depressive episode Age of onset - 20 years of age Rapid cycling - tow or more cycles of mania and depression in a year, without periods of normal moods Bipolar II
learning: conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement Depression - ANS-feelings of severe despondency and dejection