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Panic Disorder -ANS>Experience recurrent, terrifying panic attacks that come without warning Builds to a peak in 10 to 15 minutes, but can last for hours Initial one spontaneous, but recurrent ones become associated with cues Marked by: Intense heart palpitations Pressure or pain in the chest Dizziness or unsteadiness Sweating Feeling of faintness Feels like a heart attack Phobia -ANS>Fear that is disproportionate to threat Only a disorder when it impairs functioning Three distinct types of phobias Specific Phobia Social Phobia Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia -ANS>Fear of places or situations where escape is not possible More common in women Onset in late adolescence or early adulthood OCD -ANS>Different the Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder! Persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) often center on the possibility of infection, contamination or doing harm to oneself Obsessive thoughts may motivate ritualistic, repetitive behaviors (compulsions) Performs to avoid some dreaded outcome or to reduce feeling of anxiety Most are checking or cleaning behaviors Intense, disturbing, and often bizarre intrusions that impair daily activities (taking up more than one hour a day) Equally common in males and females Usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood, but may emerge as early as 4 PTSD -ANS>The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present: The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened deaths or serious injury The person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in (or more) of the following:
Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder -ANS>Presence of at least one manic episode A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated mood lasting at least 1 week During this period, three or more of the following symptoms have persisted: Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing Distractibility Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences Bipolar I/II -ANS>Bipolar I Manic episodes alternate with periods of deep depression Occurs in 0.4-1.6% of adults men and women equally affected Men starts with manic episode Women starts with depressive episode Age of onset - 20 years of age Rapid cycling - tow or more cycles of mania and depression in a year, without periods of normal moods Bipolar II
Major depressive episode with hypomanic episodes Less severe mania symptoms Occurs in 0.5% of population More common in women Psychodynamic View of Depression -ANS>Depression is anger directed towards self Pathological mourning Due to ambivalent feelings Anger turns to rage, which turns to guilt Person then introjects lost object, turning anger inward This results in self-hatred, resulting in depression Humanistic View of Depression -ANS>Lack of meaning and authentic choices Guilt from lack of achieving potential Learning Views of Depression -ANS>Role of Reinforcement - Lewinsohn, 1974 Lack of reinforcement for achievements Inactivity and social withdrawal reduce opportunities for reinforcement, resulting in withdrawal Secondary reinforcement Reduction of responsibility Sympathy
Anxiety Disorders explanation -ANS>by nature or nurture bio: heredity, brain function, evolution learning: conditioning, observational learning, reinforcement Depression -ANS>feelings of severe despondency and dejection
