Download Antidiabetic Medications Overview Exam Review and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity!
Antidiabetic Medications Overview Exam Review Solution
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors - ANS-Medications like colchicine, allopurinol, and febuxostat used to treat gout
Colchicine Dosing - ANS-Initial dose of 1.2 mg at first sign of flare, then 0.6 mg 1 hour later (MAX: 1. mg/hour)
Colchicine Side Effects - ANS-Diarrhea, malabsorption of B12, hepatotoxicity, renal stone development, myopathy, neuropathy
Allopurinol Usage - ANS-Prophylactic treatment of gout, not for acute flares
Steroids Mechanism - ANS-Inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism, stabilizes biologic membranes, impairs phagocytosis, lymphocytes, and tissue repair
Steroids GI Side Effects - ANS-GI bleeding, peptic ulcer disease, ulcerative colitis, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic disease
Steroids Skin Side Effects - ANS-Thinning of skin, alopecia, acne, purpura, striae, hirsutism, muscle wasting
Steroids Skeletal Side Effects - ANS-Osteoporosis, skeletal fractures; treated with alendronate or risedronate
Steroids Ocular Side Effects - ANS-Subcapsular cataracts, glaucoma, optic nerve damage
NSAIDs Black Box Warning - ANS-GI bleed, ulceration, cardiovascular events (MI, stroke)
Ibuprofen Side Effects - ANS-GI bleeding, peptic ulcers, antiplatelet effect, compromised kidney function
Aspirin Toxicity Sign - ANS-Tinnitus is an early sign of aspirin toxicity
Acetaminophen Overdose Symptoms - ANS-Nausea, vomiting, confusion, liver tenderness, renal failure
Opioids Mechanism - ANS-Bind to Mu receptors in the brain and spinal cord, enhancing antinociceptive pathways
Mu1 Receptor Location - ANS-Outside the spinal cord, responsible for central interpretation of pain
Mu2 Receptor Function - ANS-Throughout the CNS, responsible for respiratory depression, spinal analgesia, physical dependence
Opioid Side Effects - ANS-Euphoria, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression, tolerance, physical and psychological dependence
Opioid Toxicity Symptoms - ANS-Coma, pinpoint pupils, depressed respiration
Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms - ANS-Rhinorrhea, lacrimation, chills, muscle aches, anxiety, diarrhea
Opioid mixed agonist-antagonists - ANS-Drugs like butorphanol, nalbuphine, buprenorphine
Mixed opioid agonist-antagonists - ANS-Have fewer side effects than agonists
Opioid antagonist - ANS-Reversal agent like naloxone, naltrexone
Amiodarone side effects - ANS-Include skin discoloration, lung disease, eye problems, bradycardia, and liver issues
Amiodarone precautions - ANS-Use cautiously with certain heart conditions, thyroid issues, and in pregnancy
Amiodarone interactions - ANS-Interacts with warfarin and digoxin
Amiodarone monitoring - ANS-Includes TSH, chest x-ray, PT/INR
Missed dose of amiodarone - ANS-Take the next day due to long half-life
Antihypertensive drugs - ANS-Include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors suffix - ANS--pril; prevent angiotensin conversion
ACE inhibitors side effects - ANS-Dry cough, angioedema, hypotension, hyperkalemia
ACE inhibitors monitoring - ANS-Renal function, liver tests, electrolytes
ACE inhibitors avoid - ANS-NSAIDs due to reduced effect
ACE inhibitors in pregnancy - ANS-Contraindicated
ARBs suffix - ANS--sartan; prevent angiotensin II binding
ARBs side effects - ANS-Hypotension, hyperkalemia, angioedema, renal failure
ARBs in pregnancy - ANS-Contraindicated
Beta blockers suffix - ANS--olol; block beta-1 receptors
Beta blockers side effects - ANS-Hypotension, bradycardia, fatigue, impotence, asthma worsening
Beta blockers severe side effects - ANS-Include agranulocytosis, SJS, anaphylaxis
Diuretics for hypertension - ANS-Decrease preload and afterload
Thiazide diuretics - ANS-Act on distal renal tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption
Thiazide diuretics side effects - ANS-Hyperlipidemia, hypotension, tinnitus
Loop diuretics - ANS-Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle
Loop diuretics side effects - ANS-Electrolyte abnormalities, hypotension, glucose intolerance
Spironolactone type - ANS-Potassium-sparing diuretic
Spironolactone use - ANS-For severe heart failure and post-MI with resistant HTN
Spironolactone side effects - ANS-Include hyperkalemia, hypotension, gynecomastia
ARNI Drugs - ANS-Sacubitril and Valsartan combination (Entresto)
Sacubitril Function - ANS-Inhibits natriuretic peptide breakdown, promoting vasodilation
Valsartan Action - ANS-Blocks angiotensin II receptors, causing vasodilation
Neprilysin - ANS-Enzyme degrading natriuretic peptides and vasoactive substances
Neprilysin Washout - ANS-36-72 hours with ACE or ARB use
Cardiac Glycosides - ANS-Digoxin, digitoxin; improve contractility, no mortality effect
Cardiac Glycoside Indication - ANS-When other meds at optimal doses fail
Digoxin Toxicity Effects - ANS-Noncardiac: anorexia, visual disturbances; Cardiac: dysrhythmias
Digoxin Toxicity Risk Factors - ANS-Hypokalemia, elderly with kidney impairment
Nitrate Mechanism - ANS-Increases O2 supply to coronary arteries
Nitrate Side Effects - ANS-Headache, hypotension, tolerance with continuous use
Anticoagulant Drugs - ANS-Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban
Warfarin Action - ANS-Inhibits vitamin K reductase to prevent thrombosis
Warfarin Side Effects - ANS-Bleeding, red/brown urine, GI symptoms
Warfarin Reversal - ANS-Vitamin K
Warfarin Monitoring - ANS-INR levels
Dabigatran - ANS-Oral IIa inhibitor for non-valvular A-fib
Dabigatran Reversal - ANS-Idarucizumab (Praxbind)
Rivaroxaban Use - ANS-Oral factor Xa inhibitor for A-fib, DVT, PE
Apixaban - ANS-Oral Xa inhibitor for a-fib, DVT, PE
Plavix Mechanism - ANS-Blocks ADP receptors to inhibit platelet aggregation
Plavix Side Effects - ANS-Bleeding, GI bleeding, tinnitus
Aspirin Toxicity Effects - ANS-Tinnitus, GI symptoms, mental confusion
Statins Mechanism - ANS-Lower cholesterol, increase LDL receptors
Statins Side Effects - ANS-Hepatotoxicity, myopathy, dark urine
Methimazole - ANS-Used for hyperthyroidism; inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormones
Insulin - ANS-Increases peripheral glucose uptake; stimulates glucose entry into cells
Metformin - ANS-Decreases hepatic glucose production; increases insulin sensitivity
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - ANS-Inhibit absorption of complex carbs from the small intestines
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - ANS-Increase insulin sensitivity; decrease hepatic glucose output
GLP-1 agonists - ANS-Increase insulin secretion; decrease gastric emptying; aid weight loss
DPP-4 inhibitors - ANS-Inhibit DPP-4 enzyme; increase insulin secretion
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors - ANS-Cause glucose excretion in urine; weight loss effect
Sulfonylureas - ANS-Bind to potassium channels; increase insulin secretion
Meglitinides - ANS-Bind to potassium channels; increase insulin secretion
A1c goal - ANS-Target of < 8% for patients with extensive comorbid conditions
Tachycardia - ANS-Side effect of levothyroxine; rapid heart rate
Agranulocytosis - ANS-Side effect of PTU; low white blood cell count
Hypoglycemia - ANS-Side effect of insulin; low blood sugar
Lactic acidosis - ANS-Rare side effect of metformin; build-up of lactic acid in the body
Necrotizing fasciitis - ANS-Black box warning for SGLT2 inhibitors; severe infection of the perineum
Weight gain - ANS-Side effect of TZDs and sulfonylureas; increase in body weight
Pancreatitis - ANS-Risk associated with GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors; inflammation of the pancreas
Renal insufficiency - ANS-Side effect of SGLT2 inhibitors; impaired kidney function
Hepatic necrosis - ANS-Black box warning for PTU; severe liver damage
Thyroid storm - ANS-Life-threatening condition requiring immediate treatment in hyperthyroidism
Insomnia - ANS-Side effect of levothyroxine; difficulty falling or staying asleep
Gastric upset - ANS-Common side effect of metformin; gastrointestinal discomfort
Injection site reactions - ANS-Common side effect of insulin; rash or swelling at injection site
Cardiac function - ANS-Parameter to monitor with TZDs; assess heart health
