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ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED., Exams of Advanced Education

ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.ANTHRO 2B QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.

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2024/2025

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daniel-chege
daniel-chege 🇺🇸

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1. Anthropology: The science that investigates human biological and cultural vari-
ation and evolution
2. Culture: Behavior that is shared, learned, and socially transmitted
3. Sociocultural anthropology: ...
4. Linguistic anthropology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the na-
ture of human language, the relationship of language to culture, and the languages
of non literate peoples
5. Archaeology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on cultural variations in
prehistoric and historic populations by analyzing the culture's remains
6. Biological Anthropology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the
biological evolution of humans and human ancestors, the relationship of humans
to other organisms, and patterns of biological variation within and among human
populations
7. Paleoanthropology: The study of primate and human evolution
8. Epistemology: ...
9. Oxymoron of Creation Science: ...
10. Scientific Paradigms: ...
11. Theories: A set of hypotheses that have been tested repeatedly and that have
not been rejected
12. Hypotheses: An explanation of observed facts, must be testable
13. Plato & the Eidos: Form was a distinct singular thing but caused plural repre-
sentations of itself in particular objects. Truth is not found in this world
14. Aristotle: "Truth is in this world, we live it"
15. Great Chain of Being: The underlying truth governing all things. Things can be
ranked from imperfection to perfection, or simple to complex
16. Fixity of Species: There is no evolution
Nothing changes, nothing goes extinct
Static view of nature
17. Archbishop James Ussher: Reinforced the traditional Judeo-Christian version
of creationism
By counting the generations of the Bible and adding them to modern history, he set
origin at Oct 23, 4004 BC
18. Descartes: I think therefore I am
The idea of consciousness that God implanted knowledge and reason
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  1. Anthropology: The science that investigates human biological and cultural vari- ation and evolution
  2. Culture: Behavior that is shared, learned, and socially transmitted
  3. Sociocultural anthropology: ...
  4. Linguistic anthropology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the na- ture of human language, the relationship of language to culture, and the languages of non literate peoples
  5. Archaeology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on cultural variations in prehistoric and historic populations by analyzing the culture's remains
  6. Biological Anthropology: The subfield of anthropology that focuses on the biological evolution of humans and human ancestors, the relationship of humans to other organisms, and patterns of biological variation within and among human populations
  7. Paleoanthropology: The study of primate and human evolution
  8. Epistemology: ...
  9. Oxymoron of Creation Science: ...
  10. Scientific Paradigms: ...
  11. Theories: A set of hypotheses that have been tested repeatedly and that have not been rejected
  12. Hypotheses: An explanation of observed facts, must be testable
  13. Plato & the Eidos: Form was a distinct singular thing but caused plural repre- sentations of itself in particular objects. Truth is not found in this world
  14. Aristotle: "Truth is in this world, we live it"
  15. Great Chain of Being: The underlying truth governing all things. Things can be ranked from imperfection to perfection, or simple to complex
  16. Fixity of Species: There is no evolution Nothing changes, nothing goes extinct Static view of nature
  17. Archbishop James Ussher: Reinforced the traditional Judeo-Christian version of creationism By counting the generations of the Bible and adding them to modern history, he set origin at Oct 23, 4004 BC
  18. Descartes: I think therefore I am The idea of consciousness that God implanted knowledge and reason

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  1. Linneaus: Father of taxonomy Made classification system for all things
  2. Binomial Nomenclature: Use two names to refer to an organism Genus and Species All names based on anatomical similarities

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  1. Nucleus: Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.
  2. Ribosomes: Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
  3. Mitochondria: An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
  4. Chromosomes: A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a character- istic number
  5. Gene Locus: Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
  6. Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
  7. Human chromosome number: • Diploid chromosome number (2n) = 46
  8. Principle of Segregation: During meiosis, chromosome pairs separate into different gametes such that each of the two alleles for a given trait appears in a different gamete.
  9. Principle of Independent Assortment: Alleles for one charateristic assort or divide up among the gametes during mieosis independently of other alleles for other characteristics
  10. Mitosis: Cell's division (PMAT) of the nucleus. Final product is 2 cells that are exactly like the parent cell.
  11. Meiosis: Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
  12. Oocytes: Eggs
  13. Spermatocytes: developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules
  14. Zygote: Fertilized egg
  15. Cross-over: The process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis.
  16. Recombination: (genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents
  17. Autosomes: Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
  18. Sex Chromosomes: One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, con- tains genes that will determine the sex of the individual.
  19. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
  20. Polymer: A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
  21. tRNA: short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell
  22. Amino Acids: Building blocks of protein

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  1. Codon: l a lspecificlsequence lof lthreeladjacent lbaseslon la lstrand loflDNA lorlRNA lthat lprovides lgenetic lcode linformation lfor la lparticular lamino lacid
  2. tRNA lAnticodon: l this lrecognizes lan lRNA lneucleotide ltriplet lat lany lpoint
  3. Redundancy lof lGenetic lCode: l Most lamino lacids lhave lmore lthan l 1 lcodon
  4. Polypeptide:l A lpolymer l(chain) lof lmany lamino lacids llinked ltogether lby lpeptide lbonds.
  5. Gene: l A lsegment lof lDNA lon la lchromosome lthat lcodes lfor la lspecific ltrait
  6. Polygenic:l Combined leffect lof ltwo lor lmore lgenes lon la lsingle lcharacter
  7. Monogenic: l Characteristic lcoded lfor lby lone lgene
  8. PointlMutation:l mutationlthatlaffectslalsinglelnucleotide,lusuallylbylsubstituting lone lnucleotide lfor lanother
  9. Frameshift lMutation: l Mutation lthat lshifts lthe l"reading" lframe lof lthe lgenetic lmessage lby linserting lor ldeleting la lnucleotide
  10. Neutral lmutation: l A lmutation lthat lhas lno leffect lon lthe lorganism
  11. Deleteriouslmutation: l decreaseslthelchancelof lorganismlsurvivall(extremelex. llethal lmutation)
  12. Chromosomal lmutation: l A lchange lin lthe lchromosome lstructure, lresulting lin lnew lgene lcombinations.
  13. Recessive lAlleles land lEnzyme lFunction: l ...
  14. Genome: l All lthe lgenetic linformation lin lan lorganism; lall lof lan lorganism's lchro- lmosomes.
  15. Breedinglpopulation: l grouploflorganismslthatltendltolchooselmateslfromlwithin lthe lgroup
  16. Gene lPool: l All lthe lgenes lin la lpopulation lat lany lone ltime
  17. Allele lfrequency: l how loften la lform lof la lgene lappears lin la lgene lpool
  18. Natural lselection: l A lprocess lin lwhich lindividuals lthat lhave lcertain linherited ltraits ltend lto lsurvive land lreproduce lat lhigher lrates lthan lother lindividuals lbecause lof lthose ltraits.
  19. Sexual lselection: l A lform lof lnatural lselection lin lwhich lindividuals lwith lcertain linherited lcharacteristics lare lmore llikely lthan lother lindividuals lto lobtain lmates.
  20. Geneldrift: l Randomlchangelinlallelelfrequencieslthatloccurlinlsmalllpopulations.
  21. Intergenerational ldrift: l random lfluctuations lin lalleles lfrom lgeneration lto lgen- leration ldue lto lchance
  22. Founder leffect: l Genetic ldrift lthat loccurs lwhen la lfew lindividuals lbecome lisolat- led lfrom la llarger lpopulation land lform la lnew lpopulation lwhose lgene lpool lcomposition lis lnot lreflective lof lthat lof lthe loriginal lpopulation.
  23. Gene lflow: l Movement lof lalleles linto lor lout lof la lpopulation ldue lto lthe lmigration lof lindividuals lto lor lfrom lthe lpopulation
  24. Mutation: l (genetics) lany levent lthat lchanges lgenetic lstructure

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  1. Regulatory lgenes: l Genes lthat linfluence lthe lactivity lof lother lgenes.
  2. Lactose lproduction lin lAdult lMammals: l ...
  3. Acclimation:l Change lin lphysiology lor lform lof lan lorganism lin lresponse lto lchanges lin lenvironmental lconditions
  4. Acclimatization: l A lchange lin lthe lway lthe lbody lfunctions lin lresponse lto lphysical lstress.
  5. Vasodilation:l A lwidening lof lthe ldiameter lof la lblood lvessel.
  6. Vasoconstriction:l A lnarrowing lof lthe ldiameter lof la lblood lvessel.
  7. High lAltitude lStress: l Hypoxia:ldeficiency lin lthe lamount lof loxygen lreaching lthe ltissues. lIncreased lheart lrate. lAcclimation.
  8. Allen's lRule: l Stipulates lthat lin lwarmer lclimates, lthe llimbs lof lthe lbody lare llonger lrelative lto lbody lsize lto ldissipate lbody lheat
  9. Bergmann's lRule: l Body lsize lis llarger lin lcolder lclimates lto lconserve lbody ltemperature
  10. Race: l A lcategorization lof lhumans lbased lon lskin lcolor land lother lphysical lcharacteristics.lRacial lcategories lare lsocial land lpolitical lconstruction lbecause lthey lare lbased lon lideas lthat lsome lbiological ldifferences l(esp. lskin lcolor) lare lmore limportant lthan lothers l(e.g. lheight, letc), leven lthough lthe llater lmight lhave lmore lsignificance lin lterms lof lhuman lactivity.lWith lits lroots lin l16th lcentury lEngland, lthe lterm lis lclosely lassociated lwith lEuropean lcolonialism lbecause lof lthe limpact lof lthe ldevelopment lon lglobal lunderstandings lof lracial ldifferences.
  11. LinneauslVariantslof lHomo lSapiens:l 1) l2)
  1. Blumenbach: l Wrote l"On lthe lNatural lVarieties lof lMankind". lHe lwas lthe lleast lracistlmonogenist;lcampaignedlagainstlslavery.lCoinedlthelterml"Caucasian".lShift- led lthe lidea lof lhuman ldiversity lfrom la lgeographic lto la lhierarchical lone lwith ltwo llines ldegenerating lthrough lstages lfrom lthe lCaucasian l"ideal.".
  2. Hooton: l created l 3 lbig lraces: lCaucazoid, lMonogoloid, land lNegroid
  3. Caucazoid: l ...
  4. Monogoloid: l ...
  5. Negroid:l ...
  6. Craniometry: l measurement lof lthe lskull land lthe lstudy lof lits ltopography
  7. Clines:l Gradual lchange lof lan lorganism lover la lgeographic ltransect l(e.g., lshorter llimbs land llarger lbodies lof lmammals land lbirds lat lhigh llatitudes)
  8. HumanlSkinlColor: l - lVariations lin lskin lcolor ldepend lon lthe lkinds land lamounts lof lmelanins lproduce
  9. Melanin: l A lpigment lthat lgives lthe lskin lits lcolor

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  1. Vitamin lD lsynthesis: l In lthe lpresence lof lthe lsunlight, lskin lcells lcan lsynthesize la lsufficient lsupply lof lvitamin lD lfrom la lderivative lof lcholesterol
  2. Rickets: l - lVitamin lD ldeficiency lin lchildren
  3. Hypervitaminosis lD: l Condition lcaused lby lan lexcess lof lvitamin lD; lcalcium lde- lposits lbuild lup lin lthe lbody's lsoft ltissues, land lthe lkidneys lmay lfail; lsymptoms linclude lgallstones land ljoint land lcirculation lproblems; lmay laffect lunprotected llight-skinned lindividuals lin lthe ltropics.
  4. Skin lcolor land lfrostbite: l Skin lcolor lis lmainly laffected lby lthree lpig- l ments— melanin, lkeratin, land lhemoglobin.lSkin lcolor lis linfluenced lmostly lby lenvi- lronment. lCloser lto lthe lequator, lwhere lthere lis lmore lsunlight, lpeople lare ltypically ldarker lskinned. lFurther lfrom lthe lequator, lpeople ltend lto lbe llighter lskinned.
  5. Plasticity: l Everylindividuallandleveryltraitlwithinleachlindividual,lcanlbelaltered lat lany lpoint lin lthe llife lspan. lChange lis longoing
  6. Heritability lcoefficients: l a lmeasure l(derived lfrom la lcorrelation lcoefficient) lof lthe lextent lto lwhich la ltrait lor lcharacteristic lis linherited.
  7. Eidos: l "Form" l"Essence" l"Type" lEvery lobject lor lquality lin lreality lhas la lform