Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE., Exams of Advanced Education

ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE.ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE.ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE.ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE.ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/06/2025

daniel-chege
daniel-chege šŸ‡ŗšŸ‡ø

47 documents

1 / 12

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
1 / 12
1. macro-evolution: evolution above the species level
2. micro-evolution: evolution below the species level
3. speciation: occurs when one species splits into two, which involves a reproduc-
tive isolating mechanism
4. example of reproductive isolation but NOT speciation: leopard frogs in Florida
vs. Maine, can still reproduce but just can't because they are isolated; gene flow can
happen
5. extrinsic isolating mechanism: factors producing geographic isolation which
physically separates individuals (ex: movement of tectonic plates; mountains)
6. Intrinsic/ Pre-zygotic: no a physical barrier separation; this isolating mechanism
prevents sperm from meeting egg; prevents zygote from ever forming
7. example of pre-zygotic isolating mechanism: different pine tree species pro-
duce pollen at different times of the year
8. post-zygotic: a zygote forms but might have a mutation that will cause it to die
after
9. examples of post-zygotic isolating mechansim: infant can be born but is sick
and dies; the resultant offspring is sterile!
10. fundamental principle of natural selection: rate of evolutionary change is
directly proportional to the degree of variability in the population
11. corollary natural selection principle: fate of all evolutionary lineages is extinc-
tion; 99.9% of all lineages ever existing on Earth went extinct
12. anagenesis: change in a species over a long period of time; supports gradual-
ism theory of evolutionary change
13. cladogenesis: sudden split results in formation of 2 species from 1 species;
supports punctuated theory of evolutionary change
14. phyletic gradualsim: emphasizes anagenesis; slow change over time that
leads to formation of a new species
15. punctuated equilibrium: emphasizes cladogenesis; evolutionary change from
sudden speciation events
16. adaptive radiation: rapid expansion & diversification of a group of organisms as
they adapt to a newly available ecological space; involves rapid speciation/cladoge-
nesis; occurs from new changes that open up potential new habitats to a group of
organisms
17. what type of theory of evolutionary change does a phylogenetic tree
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa

Partial preview of the text

Download ANTHRO 2B FINAL (EGAN) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE. and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

1 / 12

  1. macro-evolution: evolution above the species level
  2. micro-evolution: evolution below the species level
  3. speciation: occurs when one species splits into two, which involves a reproduc- tive isolating mechanism
  4. example of reproductive isolation but NOT speciation: leopard frogs in Florida vs. Maine, can still reproduce but just can't because they are isolated; gene flow can happen
  5. extrinsic isolating mechanism: factors producing geographic isolation which physically separates individuals (ex: movement of tectonic plates; mountains)
  6. Intrinsic/ Pre-zygotic: no a physical barrier separation; this isolating mechanism prevents sperm from meeting egg; prevents zygote from ever forming
  7. example of pre-zygotic isolating mechanism: different pine tree species pro- duce pollen at different times of the year
  8. post-zygotic: a zygote forms but might have a mutation that will cause it to die after
  9. examples of post-zygotic isolating mechansim: infant can be born but is sick and dies; the resultant offspring is sterile!
  10. fundamental principle of natural selection: rate of evolutionary change is directly proportional to the degree of variability in the population
  11. corollary natural selection principle: fate of all evolutionary lineages is extinc- tion; 99.9% of all lineages ever existing on Earth went extinct
  12. anagenesis: change in a species over a long period of time; supports gradual- ism theory of evolutionary change
  13. cladogenesis: sudden split results in formation of 2 species from 1 species; supports punctuated theory of evolutionary change
  14. phyletic gradualsim: emphasizes anagenesis; slow change over time that leads to formation of a new species
  15. punctuated equilibrium: emphasizes cladogenesis; evolutionary change from sudden speciation events
  16. adaptive radiation: rapid expansion & diversification of a group of organisms as they adapt to a newly available ecological space; involves rapid speciation/cladoge- nesis; occurs from new changes that open up potential new habitats to a group of organisms
  17. what type of theory of evolutionary change does a phylogenetic tree

2 / 12 model?: the punctuated equilibrium theory of evolutionary change

  1. example of adaptive radiation: South American finch goes to Galapagos Is- lands (species with HIGH adaptive potential invades a new local)

4 / 12

  1. larger brain/increased cerebral cortex
  2. decreased litter size
  3. post-orbital bar or septum
  4. post-orbital bar: a skeletal structure in form of a bar of bone, behind the eye that does not close it off (strepsirrhines)
  5. post-orbital septum/closure: P-O septum (partial p-o bar); eye socket is en- tirely protected by bone; P-O closure is when it is fully closed
  6. Who has a P-O bar/P-O septum?: strepsirrhines have a P-O bar, haplorrhines have a partial/closed P-O septum
  • simiiformes have full P-O closure
  1. binocular/stereoscopic vision: 2 eyes positioned facing forward; overlapping fields of vision; both eyes focus on an object/eyes are in front of head; eyes send stimulatory signals to both hemispheres of brain; provides depth perception
  2. color vision: abundance of cones in eyes; nocturnal primates are exception; diurnal/crepuscular(twilight) organisms usually have color vision
  3. night vision: abundance of rods in the eye (not cones); allows nocturnal organ- isms to see at night
  4. Who is nocturnal/who isn't?: Lorisiformes (under strepsirrhini) and Tarsi- iformes (under haplorrhini) Lemuriformes are NOT nocturnal
  5. auditory bulla: skeletal chamber which holds the tiny bones of the middle ear
  6. K-selection: a reproducing strategy where parents lay little offspring and give extensive care to their babies; constant population
  • this is the type of reproducing strategy in primates
  1. R-selection: a reproducing strategy where parents lay numerous offspring and have them survive if they can; no parental care; population number varies
  2. visual predation hypothesis: the proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and on small animals; catching of small prey using specialized vision and motor skills set primate evolution in motion
  3. Where are lemuriformes from?: Madagascar
  4. Where are the lorisiformes from?: Africa/Asia
  5. Where are the tarsiiformes from?: South-East Asia
  6. Where are the Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys) from?: South America
  7. Where are the Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys) from?: Africa/Asia
  8. Where is the Hylobatidae from (Hominoidea): SouthEast Asia
  9. the only species in the Hominidae that is not found in Africa; and where is it found?: the Orangutan (Pongae) is found in sumatra/borneo
  10. Where are the rest of the hominidae found?: gorilla, homininae (panini) found in Africa; hominini found everywhere (humans!)

5 h/ h 12

  1. Dental formula: ICPM #incisors:#canines:#premolars:#molars
  2. frontal bone: bone that forms part of a skull and the upper part of the eye sockets
  3. Who has a fused / unfused frontal bone?: Strepsirrhines have unfused frontal bone while simiiformes (haplorrhines) have a fused frontal bone
  4. mandibular symphasis: lower jawbone
  5. who has a fused/unfused mandible?: strepsirrhines and tarsiiformes (hap- lorrhini) have an unfused mandible and simiiformes (haplorrhines) have a fused mandible
  6. dental comb: mandible incisors (lower jaw front teeth) are specialized for grooming and feeding; also projects to the front of the mouth
  7. who has the dental comb: strepsirrhini
  8. rhinarium: external moist membranes in the nose
  9. who has a rhinarium/wet nose?: strepsirrhini (as opposed to the haplorrhini who have dry noses)
  10. toilet claw: claw used for grooming
  11. who has a toilet claw?: strepsirrhini and tarsiiformes
  12. **TEST: characteristics of catarrhini regarding:
  1. P-O
  2. dental formula
  3. nostrils
  4. mandible:** they are under haplorrihini and simiiformes:
  1. full P-O closure
  2. 2 - 1 - 2 - 3
  3. narrow nostrils
  4. fused mandible
  5. prehensile tail: tail that can be used for grabbing objects
  6. who has the prehensile tail: Haplorhinni > Simiiformes > Platyrrhini > CE- BOIDEA
  7. twin births: monozygotic but not identical; common in Ceboidea/caltrichidae
  8. canine diastema: gap in a tooth row to accommodate the canine tooth so mammal can close its mouth/chew
  9. CP3 complex: large canines; example of sexual dimorphism: much larger in males than in females; goes with diastema
  10. ischial callosities: thick piece of skin found on buttocks
  11. who has ischial callosities?: Haplorrhini > Simiiformes > Catarrhini > CERCO- PITHECOIDEA

7 h/ h 12 teins/fats/insects/sap large hbody h>500g: hslower hmetabolism; heat hmature hleaves

  1. Locomotion h- hBody hSize hRelationship smallhbody hvs.hlarge hbody: h smallhbody:hrunhon htop hofhbranches, hleap, hIMI h=horh<h 100 hlarge hbody: hhang hunder hbranches, hswing, hIMI h> h 100
  2. Monogamy: h a hformhof hprimate hsocial horganization;hmales hand hfemales hmate;hless hsexual hdimorphism ex: htarsiers, htarmarins, hmarmosets
  3. single-male/uni-male hgroups: h 1 hadult hmale, hmany hfemales
  4. Whose hsocial horganization his ha huni-male hor hsingle hmale hgroup?: h Gorilla h"Silverback hMale"
  5. multi-male/female hgroup: h many hadult hmales hand hfemales
  6. whose hform hof hsocial horganization his hmulti-male/multi-female?:h chim- hpanzees hand hlemurs
  7. what hdifferent htypes hof hsocial horganizations hdo hlemuriformes hhave?:h Mul- hti-male/female monogamy hsolitary
  8. what htype hof hsocial horganizations hdo hlorisiformes hhave?: h solitary
  9. ecological hniche: h role hand hposition ha hspecies hhas hin hits henvironment; hHOW hit hmeets hits hneeds hfor hfood h& hshelter, hsurvives, hand hreproduces
  10. territory: h INSIDE ha hhome hrange;han harea haggressively hdefended hagainst hintru- hsion, hespecially hintrusion hby hcon-specifics
  11. home hrange: h total harea hused hby han horganism hor ha hsocial hgroup hof horganisms;hall hthe harea hthey hexplore
  12. behavior hecology/socio-ecology: h behavior hwithin henvironment social horganization:hmeans hby hwhich horganisms hadjusted hto htheir henvironments; hrelationship hbetween henvironment hand hsocial hbehaviors
  13. sociobiology: h - natural hselection h& halleged hgenetic hbases hof hsocial hbehavior
  • study hof hwhether hgenes hcontrol hsocial hbehavior
  1. Infanticide hamong hLangurs: h - male hdrives hout hother hmale hand hkills hall hof hthat hmale's hinfants
  • then hmates hwith hthe hfemales hto hcreate hits hown hoffspring hand hincrease hits hown hfitness
  1. kin hselection:h altruistic hbehaviors hmay hbe hselected hfor hwhen hdirected htoward hbiological hrelatives
  2. Diversity hof hPrimate hSocial hOrganization hand hEcological hCorrelates:h 1. hsolitary: hsingle horganisms hdefend ha hterritory
  3. monogamy:hmale hand hfemale hmate
  4. polyandry: h 1 hfemale, hmany hadult hmales

8 h/ h 12

  1. single hmale: h 1 hmale, hmany hadult hfemales
  2. multi-male/female:hmany hof hboth
  3. dominance hhierarchies:h hierarchy hof hranked hstatuses hsustained hby hHOSTILE hBEHAVIOR
  • from hhigh hto hlow, hwhat hkeeps hthis hgoing his hhostile hactions
  • threat, hbut hrarely hphysical hviolence
  • there his hFEMALE hdominance halso
  1. what hare hsome hbehaviors hrevealing hdominance?: h strutting
  2. what hare hsome hbehaviors hrevealing hsubmissiveness?: h cowering
  3. grooming: h a h"currency" hof hwhat hthey hare hinterested hin
  • grooming hanother hindividual hto hestablish han halliance hat hthe hmoment hor hfor hsome hfuture hevent
  1. proto-culture: h the hpassing hof hbehaviors hfrom hone hgeneration hto hanother hamong hnon-numan hprimates; hwe hthink honly hwe hhave hculture hbut hothers hdo htoo; hthese hare hSHARED hmeanings, hnot hgenetic-based
  2. study hof hproto-culture hin hJapanese hMacques:h - study hdone hon hKoshima hIs- hland
  • thoughhthey'vehneverhbeenhfedhpotatoes,htheyhknowhhowhtohwashhthemhinhthehstream, hother hbetas hfollow hthe halphas
  1. studyhofhproto-culturehinhchimps:h toolhmakingh(makehmodifications hashwellhas huse htools) hto hfish hfor htermites
  2. Something hthat hwill hbe hasked hon hthe htest hregarding hhumans hrelation to hchimps:h Human hbeings hdid hNOT hevolve hfrom hchimpanzees;hwe hhave hcommon hancestors
  3. tool huse h& hmanufacture: h chimpanzees hdon't hjust huse htools h(such has hspears) hbut hthey halso hmodify hthem hfor hconvenience h(termite hfishing)
  4. hunting h(about hchimpanzees): h they hhunt hantelopes;hmale hhunt hand hfemales hdirect hthe hhunting!
  5. acquisition hof hinnovation:h Japanese hmacques hhave hnever hbeen hfed hpotatoes hand hdon't hknow hhow hto heat hthem hbut hthey hthink hwith htheir hbrain hto hwash hthem hin hthe hstream
  • spear-making
  1. chimpanzee h& hour hplace hin hnature/early hscientific haccounts hof hapes: h chimp his ha hlink hbetween hman hand hnature; hare hthere hdifferences hbetween hourselves hbecause hof hdifferences hin hour hbio-genetic hmake-up? h(eg: hdoing hbetter hin hschool, hmaking hmore hmoney)
  • compare ha hstrip hof hDNA hto hsee ha hdifference h= h 2 hdifferent hcreatures
  • humans hand hchimps hhave hthe hleast hnumber hof hdifferences

10 h/ h 12

  1. science h& hother hepistemologies: h there his hno hGod hbecause hscience hhas hestablished hthere his hno hGod h(you hwere hnot hable hto htest/no hevidence)
  2. Paleospecies h& hBiological hSpecies:h - Paleospecies:hspecies hidentified hfrom hFOSSIL hremains hbased hon htheir hphysical hsimilarities/differences hrelative hto hother hspecies/morphology
  • Biological hspecies: hspecies hable hto hreproduce heffectively
  1. Lumpers hvs.hSplitters: h lumpers:hassign hfossils hto hpre-existing hspecies hcate- hgories splitters:hcall hany hnew hfossil hthat his hsomewhat hdifferent ha hnew hspcies
  2. Molecularhevolution:h inferhphylogenetichrelationshipshusinghANATOMICAL hSIMILARITIES
  • comparative hanatomy h& hfossil hrecords
  • use hhomologous hshared-derived htraits
  1. Molecular hData: h use hsimilarities hin hmolecular hstructure hof hproteins hor hDNA
  2. nucleotide hsequencing: h compare hsame hstrip hof hDNA hand hpull hout h 2 hdifferent hcreatures
  3. rooted htree htopology,hhow hit hworks?:h a htree hdiagram hshowing hevolutionary hrelationships how hit hworks:
  • which hhas hthe hfewest hnucleotide hdifferences? hstart hfrom hpresent hand hwork hback- hwards hin htime h(from hright hto hleft) different hfrom hfossils
  1. molecular hclock: h human-chimpanzee hdivergence h 6 - 7 hmya;
  • effort hto hput hon ha htime hscale hand hsay hWHEN hthe hbranching hevents hoccurred
  1. fossils: h preserved hremnants hof honce hliving hthings, hoften hburied hunderground; hnatural hrecord hof han hancient hlife hform, hthey hare hrare
  2. fossilization: h remains hget hcovered; hinorganic hmaterial hreplaces horganic; hpre- hservedhinhahburial,hnohoxygenhenvironment,hpetrified,hmineralshinhboneshreplacedhwith hrock h(1/1000 hspecies hfossilize)
  3. taphonomy: h study hof hwhat hhappens hto hplants/animals hafter hdeath;hfossilization
  4. stratigraphy h(a hrelative hdating hmethod): h layers hor hstratum hof hearth/order hof hrock hlayers hthat hshow hsequence hof hevents h(relative, hbut hdoes hnot htell hyou hexactly hwhen)
  5. absolute h(chronometric) hdating hmethods: h how hmuch htime hhad hpassed hsince hevent
  6. isotopic hdating h(an habsolute hdating hmethod): h using hrates hof hdecay hto hesti- hmate htime, hhalf-lives,
  7. potassium-argon hdating h(K-Ar):h isotopes:h40K hsold hto h40Ar hgas hhalf hlife: h1.3 hbillion hyears

11 h/ h 12 material hfor hanalysis:hnonlinear, hpredictive hpattern, hvolcanic hactivity, hpreviously hmolten hrock temporal hrange: holder hthan h200kBC

  1. Carbon h 14 hdating:h isotope:h14C hto h14N hhalf-life: h 5730 hyears material hfor hanalysis: horganic temporal hrange: h70,000 hto h 400 hyears hago
  2. Cretaceous hPeriod hof hMesozoic hEra: h age hof hdinosaurs, hends hwith hextinction hof hdinosaurs
  3. Paleocene hEpoch: h first hEpoch hof hCenozoic hera hevidence hof hprimate hlike hanimals;hbut hlack hall hprimate htrait
  • prehensile hhands/feet
  • but hNO hbinocular/stereoscopic hvision
  1. Eocene hEpoch:h - FIRST hPRIMATES hshow hfull hset hof hprimate htraits
  • PO hbar
  • forward hfacing heyes
  • nails
  • fused hauditory hbulla
  • prehensile hhands/feet
  • Promisian hGrade
  1. Oligocene hEpoch: h - FIRST hANTHROPOIDS h(simiiformes, hcata, hplaty)
  • full hPO hclosure
  1. Miocene hEpoch: h Hominoids/Hominids/Cercopithecoids
  • no htail
  • wide hdiversity hof hapes
  1. Late hMiocene h/ hPliocene hEpoch: h - bipedalism
  • Hominins: hSahelanthropus, hOrrorin, hArdipithecus, hAustralopithecus, h& hearly hHomo
  1. Pleistocene hEpoch: h - Homo h& hAustralopithecus
  2. Holocene hEpoch: h - Homo
  3. Early hPrimates// hAegyptopithecus: h full hPO hclosure h(catarrhine)
  4. Proconsul: h under hMiocene, ha hgenus hname hof ha hhominid
  5. Sivapithecus: h under hMiocene, hancestor hof horangutan; hsimilar hface hand hears
  6. footprints hat hLeotoli,hTanzania: h in hE.hAfrica hover h3.7 hmya
  • evidence hof hbipedalism
  1. Early hPliocene hHominins: h E.hand hC.hAfrica
  • Sahelanthropus htchadensis
  • Orrorin htugenesis
  • Ardipithecus hramidus
  • Australopithecus hanamensis