Download ANSC 4395 Exam 1 Questions & Verified Answers Latest Version 2024 and more Exams Animal Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
ANSC 4395 Exam 1 Questions & Verified
Answers Latest Version 2024
What is Animal Breeding - ANS-Scientific field that uses the principles of genetics to aid in the improvement of livestock. What are the 3 classes of cattle? - ANS-British American Exotics- usually European Who is Robert Bakewell? - ANS-"Father of Animal Breeding"
- Leased out Bulls What did Robert Bakewell not hesitate to mate? - ANS-"best to the best" with little regard to ancestry. Not afraid to inbreed. What was one of the first organized breeds of livestock in 1580? - ANS-Shorthorns Who is Gregor Mendel? - ANS-He established basic genetic principles that are still accepted today. What did Gregor Mendel study? - ANS-The genetics of the garden pea. Population Genetics - ANS-Branch of genetics which deals with the factors that affect the genetic structure of populations. what % of alleles and genotypes What two guys were involved with population genetics? - ANS-1. Dr. Sewell Wright
- Sir Ronald Fisher
Dr. Wright did research with who? - ANS-USDA and then later at the University of Chicago Worked at the Rothamstead Experiment Station in Great Britain. - ANS-Dr. Fisher Dr. Jay Lush - ANS-"Father of MODERN animal breeding" established a formal theoretical framework to the science of animal breeding Dr. Jay Lush established what principles? - ANS-The principles of selection, the use of inbreeding to conserve genes of some individuals, and crossbreeding systems to take advantage of HYBRID VIGOR. During the last 30 or 40 years, the use of what has greatly enhanced the potential for genetic change? - ANS-Computers/ technology Artificial Insemination and embryo transfer have allowed for what? - ANS-Faster progeny testing and selection has become much more efficient. What is the primary goal of animal breeders? - ANS-Identify animals with desirable genes and increase the frequency of those genes. they want a bunch, they're the ones they select to be parents to pass on the good genes What is the best animal? - ANS--Lab- Show winner or best retriever
- Cattle- cutability/% muscle (limousin) or quality grade (angus)
- Dairy Cattle- most milk or best udder, feet and legs. all depends on what they want as "best" In the 50-60s how were cattle bred? - ANS-Short/stubby How were cattle bred in the 80s? - ANS-tall, large How are cattle bred today? - ANS-Moderate (between) How do you breed an animal so offspring will be the best or better than the parents? - ANS--Selection-want genetic improvement, identify best animals and breed those.
- Genetic principles
- Animal breeding technologies Systems Approach - ANS-More OBJECTIVE means of determining the best animal.
Phenotype - ANS-An observance category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual. DESCRIBES the color, or the temperament more specific Examples of traits vs. phenotypes:
- Color is the-
- Brown is the-
- Temperament is the- __________
- Foul would be the _______
- Presence of horns= Horn, polled, dehorned=
- Height= 14 hands. 50 inches=
- YW= 850lbs, 1250lbs=
- Calving ease= assisted, unassisted, surgical=
- Litter size= 5,11,14 = - ANS-1. Trait
- phenotype
- trait
- phenotype
- Trait, phenotype
- Trait, phenotype
- Trait, phenotype
- Trait, phenotype
- Trait, phenotype Genotype - ANS--the genetic make-up of an individual
- punnette square Ex: Bb, BB, bb, Genotype provides what? - ANS-the genetic background for phenotypes What is the mathematical equation for phenotype? - ANS-P=G+E phenotype = genotype + environment Environmental Effect - ANS-the effects that external factors have on animal performance Phenotype is determined by? - ANS-It's genotype and the environment it experiences Biological Type - ANS-a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits of interest Similar genotypes have the same? - ANS-biological type
Interaction - ANS-a dependent relationship among components of a system in which the effect of any one component depends on other components present in the system The best genotype will depend on? - ANS-environment management economics and how these components interact to affect profitability Genotype by Environment interaction - ANS-a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between two or more genotypes changes from environment to environment GxE interactions occur when - ANS-the difference in performance between two or more genotypes changes from environment to environment. Genetically adapted - ANS-animals have evolved in that location over many generations and carry the genes that allow them to survive an thrive in those locations Breeding objective - ANS-a general goal for a breeding program; notion of what contributes the best animal Elite breeders - ANS-produce the best; purebred Multipliers - ANS-buy from elite breeders and multiply them. End users - ANS-commercial production; crossbred animals occur Seedstock - ANS-breeding stock, animals whose role it is to be a parent or contribute genes to the next generation. mostly purebred Germplasm - ANS-genetic material in the form of live animals, semen, embryos. Purebreds - ANS-wholly of one breed or line Line - ANS-a group of related animals within a breed Intermediate optimum - ANS-a level of performance that is optimal in terms of profitability and/or function. Purpose of animal breeding - ANS-improve animal populations improve groups not individuals
sibling - ANS-individuals that share at least one parent Pedigree Data - ANS-information on the genotype or performance of ancestors and/or collateral relatives of an individual. Collateral Relatives - ANS-relatives that are neither direct ancestors nor direct descendants of an individual ex. Aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews Progeny data - ANS-information on the genotype or performance of descendants of an individual 2nd best way to find breeding value Fertility's heritability is? - ANS-usually low Accuracy - ANS-a measure of the strength of the relationship between true values and their predictions Genetic prediction - ANS-area of academic animal breeding concerned with measurement of DATA, STATISTICAL PROCEDURES, and computational techniques for predicting breeding values and related values. Sire Summaries - ANS-a list of genetic predictions, accuracy values, and other useful information about sires in a breed. Polygenic trait - ANS-a trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an overriding influence.
- predict breeding value Simply- inherited trait - ANS-a trait affected by only a few genes ex. horned/polled Between Breed Selection - ANS-the process that determines the breed(s) from which parents are selected Mating - ANS-the process that determines WHICH selected males are mated to WHICH selected females Mating system - ANS-a set of rules for mating What are 3 reasons breeders use mating systems? - ANS-- produce offspring w/ extreme BV to increase the rate of genetic change
- make use of complementary
- obtain Hybrid Vigor
Complementarity - ANS-an improvement in the overall performance of offspring resulting from mating individuals with different but complementary breeding values Crossbreeding - ANS-the mating of sires of one breed or breed combination to dams of another breed or breed combination. Crossbred - ANS-Having parents of different breeds or breed combinations Hybrid Vigor or heterosis - ANS-an increase in the performance of the hybrids over that of purebreds Hybrid - ANS-an individual that is a combination of species, breeds within species, or lines within breeds. Inbreeding - ANS-the mating of relatives Inbreeding depression - ANS-The reverse of hybrid vigor a decrease in the performance of inbreds, most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability. How can inbreeding be useful? - ANS-- creates breeds within species
- creates lines within breeds
- can be crossed to produce hybrid vigor Corrective mating - ANS-a mating designed to correct in their progeny faults of one or both parents Gaines made from selection and mating - ANS-- large, one-time improvement can be made by selecting THE APPROPRIATE BREEDS.
- Another one-time gain from complementarity and hybrid vigor associated with CROSSBREEDING
- Additional progress by SELECTING INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THE PARENT BREEDS OR WITHIN THE CROSSBRED POPULATION
