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Effects of Enviromental and Industrial Pollution on Human Health
Typology: Study notes
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Chemicals that affect any aspect of hormonal function are referred to as endocrine disruptors (EDs)
Exposure during critical periods of development, such as fetal and early postnatal life, may have particularly critical consequences with implications in research, patient care, prevention and public health
Fetal growth restriction, premature birth, reproductive disorders, alterations of pubertal timing, thyroid and immune dysfunction, certain cancers, especially of the reproductive organs, birth defects of the genitalia and poorer sperm quality, cryptorchidism, neurological effects, neuropsychiatric disorders, diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders have been associated with the exposure to EDs
EDs are divided into major classes of chemicals including
Inhalation, oral and dermal exposures are the main routes of adult exposure to environmental chemicals
EDs may act via classical nuclear receptors, nonnuclear steroid hormone receptors, nonsteroid receptors, orphan receptors, enzymatic pathways involved in steroid biosynthesis and/or metabolism and other mechanisms involved in endocrine and reproductive system function.
Effects may be not dose dependent, and even exposure to low doses of chemicals may induce disrupting effects.
Different animal species react differently to the same compound, making it impossible to reliably infer effects from the observation of what occurs in wildlife to human beings.
Age groups and sexes react differently.