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Major Religions and Their Beliefs, Exams of Religion

Information about seven major religions, including their origins, sacred places, gods, and beliefs. It covers animism, hinduism, buddhism, judaism, christianity, islam, and sikhism. Each religion has its unique aspects, such as sacred objects, holy books, and paths to salvation.

What you will learn

  • What are the sacred objects, holy books, and paths to salvation in these religions?
  • What are the main beliefs of animism, Hinduism, and Buddhism?
  • How do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam differ in their beliefs about God?

Typology: Exams

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

jacksonfive
jacksonfive 🇺🇸

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Download Major Religions and Their Beliefs and more Exams Religion in PDF only on Docsity!

CHAPTER 8: Aspects of Culture 125

Most religions designate some special places as sacred or holy.

Today, seven major religions have the greatest number of followers around the world:

animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Sikhism.

Animism is the belief that many things in nature have their own spirit. Animism is one of the

earliest forms of religion. Many different people have held animistic beliefs. In sub-Saharan

Africa, tribes believed that animals, plants, and even places had their own spirits. Medicine

men attempted to make contact with the spirit world, and young men had experiences with

the spirits during ceremonies marking their passage from childhood to adulthood.

In Native American societies, people

similarly believed that animals and objects

in nature had their own spirits. Each group

of families, known as a clan, identified

with a particular animal and never harmed

or ate that animal. In ancient Japan, people

also believed that many spirits, known as

kami, existed in nature. These animistic

beliefs gave rise to the Japanese religion of

Shintoism.

Like animism, Hinduism is a very ancient religion. It teaches its disciples that the principles

of life can be discovered through meditation. Hinduism has no single holy book, but Hindu

writings like the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita provide guidance and inspiration.

126 MASTERING THE TEl<S IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY

Many Hindus believe that God is revealed through the ancient laws and principles con-

tained in Hindu scriptures, which speak of a struggle between order and chaos. Hinduism

is the third largest religion in the world, and the most popular religion in modern India and

Nepal. There are about one billion Hindus in the world today.

1 ;} Gods. Hindus believe that thPrP ;np many qnrís and goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a rnanifestation (form) of one Supreme Being.

Karma. Karma refers to él person's behavior in life, which I lindus believe determines that person's form irr Lire rrexl lire. People who live él good life will be reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not are reborn in a lower caste.

Sacred Objects. Hindus believe the Ganges River is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil. The cow is also considered sacred. As a result, religious Hi ndus do not eat beet.

Buddhism began in Nepal around 500 B.C. Prince Siddhartha Gautama lived a life of

great luxury. One day, he looked out beyond his palace walls and was shocked by the

human suffering he saw all around him. This prompted him to leave his family and to set

out in search of truth. After six years of searching, he came to believe suffering was caused

by human desire. Gautama became known as "Buddha." He taught that to end suffering,

a person must come to accept the world as it is and to block out selfish desires. Buddhist

missionaries carried his ideas throughout India and to China, Korea and Japan. Today,

Buddhism remains popular in f,,¡-1sl ,111d Southeast Asia.

. i

'"""'"'...=.......................-~.................---'--'---'"..,_^ :·t^ ,,;,, :,..^ í

· '."' Gods and Holy Books. Buddhists do not f,,

believe in a single Supreme Being (God). They r also do not have a primary holy book. Their

. , basic beliefs are found in books called Sutras.

Jt.,

<'It

l hese truths PX[)lilin lifr's mr aninq. Thry explain that pain and suffering ' is caused by human desires, such as the desire for material wealth and selfish pleasures. Only by giving up wrongful desires can a person find peace and harmony.

...__---------·---~

[ightfold Path. I o give up selfish human desires, Huddhists believe one should follow this path: give up wealth, act in a worthy mariner, speak truthfully, live righteously, respect all living things, and meditate.

Nirvana. By following the Eightfold Path, an individual can escape the soul's endless reincarnations and achieve nirvana - a state of eternal peace and bliss.

128 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD GEOGRAPHY

Protestants reject the Pope's authority and believe that people should interpret the Bible

for themselves. Today, Christianity is the principal religion in Europe and the Americas.

Many Christians also live in Africa and Asia. With two billion followers, Christianity is the

world's most popular religion.

Role of Jesus. Christians believe Jesus was the son of God, and sacrificed himself

r to save humankind from

punishment for their sins. Christians believe that after his death, Jesus was resurrected ·" and rc:15P tn HPrlVPn.

Christian Conduct. Christians believe they will be saved and will go to Heaven after death if they have faith in Christ as their savior and treat others with love and respect. Christians believe in the Golden ,: R11lP - "rln unto others ;:is yni would have them do onto you."

sacred book of Christianity consists of the Old Testament (the Jewish Bible) and the New Testament, which describes the life of Christ and the works of the Apostles.

"Islam" means "submission" (to Allah) in Arabic. A follower of Islam is called a Muslim,

or "one who submits (to God)." Islam was founded by Mohammed, around 600 A.D.

Mohammed had a vision that commanded him to convert Arab tribes to the belief in a

single God, known as "Allah" - the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians. Mer-

chants grew jealous of Mohammed's growing influence in Mecca, where he lived. Moham-

med fled to Medina in 622, where he emerged as a major religious leader. His followers

believed that Mohammed was God's last and greatest prophet. His teachings are contained

in the Qu'ran (Koran), Islam's holiest book. The Five Pillars of Faith are the basic reli-

gious duties that all followers of Islam nmst fulfill:

FIVE PILLARS OF FAITH I (^) ' (^) ·+'·."' ~,.,. -.~. ·-·' I I I I I Prayer Fásting

,:;~ ..... ·~·~

J.1uslíms (^) Charity During the (^) Pilg1image miu.st pray m

0 ·MüsUms· ""''1\UI^ 0Ílth of^ r{¡}hysically

,füitimes m1i) qive ~¡¡rn~dan, ahle, ii

a''clav, money to ·~ustfins Muslim must

while (^) ,the poor €.annot eat (^) m·ake ;i facinq east (^) ·and'.p'ay. or drink (^) ¡Íílgrimagl:' towards the (^) tJXOG '.durin9 (^) (roligiou city of (^) to the daylight (^) trip) to ,Mecca. (^) mosque. hours. (^) Mecca.

., ,... ,;•,15.U!.f·' íti

{ /^ ·},,_~ -·.ct.W-w:11.~^ ~ -,-:)i''.I"~·<-~•:.. J

I I ,~. (^) ~ .. .. Confession of Faith .Mt1slims must affirm: 'Thorr i, nn .Gori but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet." , ~-;,t,;1'3'JJ 4!.. ~-. { (^) l