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An overview of various anesthesia techniques and considerations in veterinary medicine. It covers topics such as the necessary components of general anesthesia, the relative risks of different factors on spontaneous abortion, the devices and mechanisms involved in anesthesia administration, the management of hypotension and hypothermia during anesthesia, and the specific challenges associated with anesthesia in ruminants and swine. The document aims to equip veterinary professionals with a comprehensive understanding of the principles and best practices in administering anesthesia to animal patients, ensuring their safety and well-being during surgical and other medical procedures.
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tranquilization - ANS-a state of tranquility and calmness in which the animal is awake, relaxed, and unconcerned about its surroundings. The animal is easily arousable and will respond to painful stimuli. sedation - ANS-more profound central nervous system depression than tranquilization in which the animal is awake, sleepy, but still able to be aroused by stimulation. Minor manipulations can be performed, and aggressive animals may be easier to handle. surgical anesthesia - ANS-reversible loss of sensation to all or part of the body. Unconsciousness, analgesia, and hyporeflexia (relaxation) are characteristic of the anesthetic state. Additionally, lack of purposeful movement and prevention of undesirable autonomic responsiveness are desirable anesthetic characteristics. Anesthesia is produced by the administration of drugs that depress the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. balanced anesthesia - ANS-a technique of general anesthesia based on the concept that administration of a mixture of small amounts of several neuronal depressants (for example, narcotics and inhalational agents) maximizes the advantages, but not the disadvantages of, the individual components of the mixture. (from medical- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com) dissociative anesthesia - ANS-type of general anesthesia in which the animal is 'dissociated' from its surroundings and unaware of external stimuli. These agents interrupt neurotransmission between the thalamocortical and limbic areas of the CNS. The animal retains some muscle rigidity (catalepsy); open eyes with palpebral reflexes; and somewhat intact swallowing reflexes. What are the 5 necessary components of general anesthesia? - ANS-- Unconsciousness
Up to this point, your sophomore surgery dog has been quite stable at 1.25% isoflurane. However, when the ovarian pedicle is stretched, your dog's heart rate and respiratory rate increase. Is this dog: a) awake and feeling pain? - ANS-No Up to this point, your sophomore surgery dog has been quite stable at 1.25% isoflurane. However, when the ovarian pedicle is stretched, your dog's heart rate and respiratory rate increase. Is this dog: showing signs of autonomic stimulation? - ANS-Yes Up to this point, your sophomore surgery dog has been quite stable at 1.25% isoflurane. However, when the ovarian pedicle is stretched, your dog's heart rate and respiratory rate increase. Is this dog: purposefully responding to inadequate anesthesia? - ANS-No Medicine wishes to "sedate" a dog for percutaneous liver biopsy. Will sedation be sufficient to perform this procedure? Why or why not? - ANS-- No because a sedated animal is awake and will still be able to be aroused by this type of procedure
True or False: Exposure to trace amounts of waste anesthetic gases represents a significant risk to the pregnant veterinarian. - ANS-False What are the gas flow requirements for Mapleson-type non-rebreathing circuits based upon? - ANS-patient minute volume How is carbon dioxide removed in non-rebreathing circuits? - ANS-High fresh gas flows blow expired CO2 away during the expiratory pause What is the minimum oxygen flow requirement for circle rebreathing circuits based upon? - ANS-Patient 02 metabolic needs How is carbon dioxide removed in rebreathing circuits? - ANS-CO2 Absorber (Soda Lime) How can you decrease the time constant for an anesthetic circuit? - ANS-Increasing carrier gases flow rate What is the purpose of the flowmeter? - ANS-Deliver carrier gases to the vaporizer or patient when the vaporizer is off Your patient seems to be waking up 10 minutes after being connected to the gas anesthesia machine. Make a list of at least 6 possible reasons for this. - ANS-- Endotracheal cuff leak
Why does the temperature of the anesthetic liquid fall as it is vaporized? Why is this important to vaporizer function? - ANS-- Heat is lost during vaporization and vapor pressure is related to temperature
List 3 differentials for absence of a CO2 waveform following endotracheal intubation ("it's broken" or "it's not turned on/plugged in" are not acceptable answers!). - ANS-- Apnea
animals; ruminants eyes rotated ventrally. - "Medium"- stable respiration and pulse; abolished laryngeal reflexes and response to toe pinch; sluggish palpebral reflex (may be absent in small animals), strong corneal reflex; adequate muscle relaxation as judged by relaxed jaw tone; ruminants pupil central but not dilated; no purposeful response to noxious stimuli. This is where we want our patients for surgery!
True or False: Waste anesthetic gases can contribute to the Greenhouse effect as well as deplete the ozone layer. - ANS-True True or False: The NIOSH and ACGIH concentrations were established because they were found to be attainable utilizing clinical scavenging techniques and there are no controlled studies proving exposure at these concentrations are safe. - ANS-True True or False: Scavenging techniques are not needed if you are using inhaled anesthetics in a tent in the middle of an island. - ANS-False Which anesthetic agent is MOST associated with intraoperative hypotension? - ANS- Inhaled anesthetics The intravascular residence time for isotonic crystalloid solutions like Plasmalyte M or lactate Ringer's solution is: - ANS-30 min The intravascular residence time for isotonic colloid solutions like Vetastarch or Hetastarch is: - ANS- 12 - 24 hrs (based on study, species/individual) True or False: Giving > 10 ml/kg/hr of isotonic crystalloid fluids during anesthesia will increase urine production. - ANS-False A patient with previously normal blood volume undergoes cardiac arrest during anesthesia. You should: - ANS-Administer a vasopressor A 12 yr old Golden Retriever dog arrives in the ICU on a Friday afternoon. The dog has severe inspiratory dyspnea, cyanosis, and an exaggerated, labored thoracic and abdominal breathing pattern. A quick physical exam reveals a rectal temperature of 41. C, and stridor localized to the larynx. Laryngeal paralysis is suspected. How will you initially stabilize this patient? Be specific. - ANS-- Give oxygen
arrytenoid cartiledges. What is your choice of postoperative analegesic? Why? - ANS-- NSAIDS and possibly opioids (if more painful)
True or False? Technical solutions and strict procedural guidelines have completely eliminated accidents. - ANS-False What are the two type of errors committed in medicine? - ANS-- Errors of ignorance
What was the leading cause of maternal mortality in a retrospective study of dogs undergoing caesarean section? - ANS-aspiration pneumonia What general anesthetic protocol was found to have a live pup birth rate similar to the accepted gold standard - epidural anesthesia - during caesarian section? - ANS- Propofol/isoflurane What classes of drugs are associated with worsened pup survival outcome following caesarian section? - ANS-- any inhaled
General anesthesia for ruminants is not routinely performed outside academic institutions and some small animal practices. List five frequently encountered problems associated with sedation and general anesthesia in ruminants. - ANS-- Difficulty visualizing arrytenoids - unable to open mouth wide.
associated with porcine sedation and general anesthesia. - ANS-- Issues with ET tube intubation: Prone to laryngospasm (consider lidocaine spray); Long floppy epiglottis, poor laryngeal visualization; Ventral laryngeal diverticulum; Small tracheal diameter for size and weight
A severely lame horse is to be donated to a local wild carnivore refuge for tiger food. Which of the following methods is most appropriate for euthanasia of this animal? - ANS-gunshot or penetrating captive bolt applied to the head Are inhaled agents ideal for euthanasia? Why or Why not? - ANS-- Acceptable with conditions: acceptable when certain conditions are met