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Ancient Civilizations of South America – Review Sheet for Exam 1 | ANTH 4022, Study notes of Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Test One- Missing some days Material Type: Notes; Professor: Chicoine; Class: ANCIENT CIV SO AMER; Subject: Anthropology; University: Louisiana State University; Term: Spring 2011;

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2010/2011

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Test 1
Ancient Civilizations of South America
Introduction: History of Research, Geographical Setting, and Chronologies
1. Outline:
a. Why study South American archaeology and civilizations?
b. Geographical setting: diversity, complementarity and cultural developments
c. History of research and the development of regional chronologies
2. Why study South American archaeology and civilizations?
a. Most of the models that we have built on social organization did not take south America into account
b. We try to superimpose a generalization that comes from the Inca empire
c. The Inca who developed around the mid 13th cent. Were very different from the north coast people
i. They worshiped more of the sun and the mountains vs the sea
d. European Fascination
i. Paintings with a romanticized view of an Indian and Columbus’ arrival
ii. They were not civilized until they were influenced by the Europeans
iii. El Dorado (“the golden one”)
1. The first story came from Columbia where someone witnessed the rite of passage of a
chief and during the rite of passage the new chief has to cover his body with golden
powder and go on a raft and swim in the lake – this is the origin of El Dorado (person
covered in gold)
iv. El Dorado vs. Semantic drift
1. Most people still think that this El Dorado exists a city of pure gold
2. Semantic drift led to a fascination with material culture of these populations
3. Gold started being dispersed out of the Inca empire
4. Idea that gold is still buried somewhere
v. Pizzaro-Orellana Expedition, 1541-1542
1. Francisco Orellana and Gonzalo Pizarro: set out on a mission to find El Dorado which did
not work
2. Believed that Ed Dorado was located in a lake that did not exist
e. World “Civilizations”
i. Another reason why South America is interesting: their pristine civilizations were first
generation, not influenced by being conquered
ii. One unique trait of the indies is the extreme diversity of geological environments
1. At the same time on the coast there is extremely good conditions for preservation
f. Concept of Civilizations
i. Origins in Roman period, first used in 18th century (Adam Ferguson, 1767):
1. “not only individual advances from infancy to manhood, but the species itself from
rudeness to civilization”
2. Idea that societies develop from simple to complex
3. Very slippery concept when used to describe ancient societies
ii. Western, ethnocentric view: idea of progress or civility
iii. Use in archaeology: urban state-level societies
1. Still limited to popular culture and public outreach of archaeologists when we refer to
civilization we try to only involve urban city development
iv. Characteristics of civilization:
1. Cities: people live in close approximation and cultivated their own goods
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Test 1 Ancient Civilizations of South America Introduction: History of Research, Geographical Setting, and Chronologies

  1. Outline : a. Why study South American archaeology and civilizations? b. Geographical setting: diversity, complementarity and cultural developments c. History of research and the development of regional chronologies 2. Why study South American archaeology and civilizations? a. Most of the models that we have built on social organization did not take south America into account b. We try to superimpose a generalization that comes from the Inca empire c. The Inca who developed around the mid 13th^ cent. Were very different from the north coast people i. They worshiped more of the sun and the mountains vs the sea d. European Fascination i. Paintings with a romanticized view of an Indian and Columbus’ arrival ii. They were not civilized until they were influenced by the Europeans iii. El Dorado (“the golden one”)
  2. The first story came from Columbia where someone witnessed the rite of passage of a chief and during the rite of passage the new chief has to cover his body with golden powder and go on a raft and swim in the lake – this is the origin of El Dorado (person covered in gold) iv. El Dorado vs. Semantic drift
  3. Most people still think that this El Dorado exists a city of pure gold
  4. Semantic drift led to a fascination with material culture of these populations
  5. Gold started being dispersed out of the Inca empire
  6. Idea that gold is still buried somewhere v. Pizzaro-Orellana Expedition, 1541-
  7. Francisco Orellana and Gonzalo Pizarro: set out on a mission to find El Dorado which did not work
  8. Believed that Ed Dorado was located in a lake that did not exist e. World “Civilizations” i. Another reason why South America is interesting: their pristine civilizations were first generation, not influenced by being conquered ii. One unique trait of the indies is the extreme diversity of geological environments
  9. At the same time on the coast there is extremely good conditions for preservation f. Concept of Civilizations i. Origins in Roman period, first used in 18th^ century (Adam Ferguson, 1767): 1. “not only individual advances from infancy to manhood, but the species itself from rudeness to civilization” 2. Idea that societies develop from simple to complex 3. Very slippery concept when used to describe ancient societies ii. Western, ethnocentric view: idea of progress or civility iii. Use in archaeology: urban state-level societies
  10. Still limited to popular culture and public outreach of archaeologists when we refer to civilization we try to only involve urban city development iv. Characteristics of civilization:
  11. Cities: people live in close approximation and cultivated their own goods
  1. Centralized economy: accumulation of capital and social status
  2. Advances in record keeping a. We do see advances in record keeping but contrary to all the other places of civilization development we do not actually see writing development (the incas did not have any writing system they instead tied knots on strings)
  3. Elaborate public buildings
  4. State religions 3. Why are South American civilizations important? a. They provide very unique case studies that are not found in other places of the world b. Development of a centralized empire which in about 4 generations conquered northern chili to Ecuador with no horses or efficient transportation or communication system c. South American civilizations i. Runners ii. Record keeping: no writing but they developed Quipu which was a form of record keeping based on colors, types of knots, space between the dots, and the number of dots. Used to tell a story about how many people live where and how much people are making etc. 4. The Archaeological study of South American civilizations a. Fairly new which is also why South America is very important b. More limited technology – new world civilizations have developed more slowly technologically compared to the old world (lots to do with geographical location) c. Latitudinalization: continents are north and south instead of east and west d. It took a long time to accept the fact that there were civilizations before the clovis period e. The absence of large animal domesticates f. We don’t find natural outcrops of copper and zinc; they do not naturally occur in the same formations; in the Americas bronze was not developed and that was the first metal that we developed to make functional tools 5. Cultural diffusion vs Shared ancestry a. Michael Coe vs. John Rowe b. It took us a long time that south American civilizations developed in place in south America c. Changes in material culture can be explained by the spread of people or objects d. Olmec sculptures: emphasize themes of transformation e. Chavin art: f. Poxtecas: professional merchants who went to Ecuador to obtain goods g. To explain occurrences in south America we do not need the information of the outside occurrences Geographical setting: Diveristy, Complementarity and Cultural Developments
  5. South American geography a. Extremely diverse, most of the continent within the tropics b. Seasons not marked c. Daily temperature variations more important d. Separated from North America until 2.5 mya e. Similarities with North America f. most of South America is within the tropical range so there is low variation of seasons (only wet and dry) g. the rain regimes are more defined by elevation and location determined by the ocean’s currents h. temperature fluctuations: in some areas 100s during the day and 40s at night i. Was isolated from north America until 2.5 mya; until this time its fauna was dominated by marsupials j. the great American Interchange – when north American mammals invaded south America and took over the animals living there

ii. 200-700 km wide iii. Average of 4000 m asl iv. Nazca Plate goes underneath the South American Plate and lifted up the Andes v. Ancash earthquake May 31, 1970

  1. A ice sheet detached from a mountain and created a mudslide vi. Misti Volcano, Arequipa vii. Three main divisions:
  2. Northern Andes: Ecuador and Columbia
  3. Central Andes: South Ecuador to Northern Chile a. Seasonal rain and one of the main features is the northern portion is a very condensed area with abrupt peaks b. In the southern portion there is a flat area and a lake
  4. Southern Andes: Southern Chile and viii. Coastal Andes
  5. Cold Humboldt Current in tropical environment; two main effects a. Richest sea biomass in western hemisphere i. Colder water is normally richer in nutrients than warmer water and upwelling occurs that brings the nutrients up to the surface b. Dry desert coast i. Extremely rich in sea resources but extremely dry
  6. Guano Island a. Guano = Excrement of birds b. Island that was mined and used as fertilizer
  7. El Nino a. Disruption of atmospheric and climatic normality b. The main factor that defines an El Nino is the disruption of the Humboldt current c. It interrupts all the nutrients in the water and sea mammals and birds cannot survive d. It’s a sudden and large scale phenomenon that turns the water green e. Also disrupts terrestrial adaptations by bringing in rain f. The following effect is a drought g. Why El Nino: usually starts around Christmas and that’s when jesus arrives
  8. Rivers: a. Three Classes: i. 1 st^ class
  9. Santa River: has water all year round ii. 2 nd^ class iii. 3 rd^ class
  10. Some years do not even get waterk 3. Altitudinal Zonation and agricultural production a. Puna (above 4000 masl): grassland, pasture, wild camelids b. Suni (up to 4000 masl): steep slopes, tubers (potato), chenopodium (quinoa), lupines (beans) c. Quechua (up to 32000 masl): frost freee, maize, squash, veggies d. Yunga (up to 25000 masl): warm + sunny, highly valued plants: coca, chili peppers, avocado, fruits e. Coast/Chala (up to 500 masl): desert, indigenous vegetation supported by fog (lomas), river valleys = oases, dependent upon water from the Andes, irrigation necessary for cultivation **History of Research and the Development of Regional Chronologies
  11. Cultural horizons and Andean prehistory a. Max Uhle:** i. driven archaeologist who worked at the university of Pennsylvania and traveled for the first time to Peru in 1892

ii. Most famous for being the first to visit and report on Tiwanaco & took pictures of the gateway to the sun iii. The first to have conducted some serious scientific work in trying to sequence the prehistory of Peru (only using excavation contexts and what was available) iv. Main rational was that the prehistory of Peru was this cyclical phenomenon in which you had alternative times of cultural horizons v. When he discovered Tiwanaco he defined three cultural horizons

  1. Inca
  2. Tiwanaco
  3. Chavin **Missing 1. Acsolute chronology Periodization Major cultural developments 2000 Colonial period Late horizon Late intermediate period Spanish conquest Inka empire Chimu and sican states 1000 Middle horizon Early intermediate period Highland states: Wari, Tiwanaku Regional polities: Moche, Nazca, Recuay 200 AD 200 BC Early horizon Urban processes chauvin 1000 Intensified interregional interactions caballo muerto, garagay, cardal, sechin u-shaped religious temples, intenisification of irrigation 2. Missing 1. 3. Missing 1. 4. Conclusions a. South American archaeology born in context of colonialism b. Structured by national boundaries i. They did not exist before 300-400 years ago ii. Some countries have benefited more but other have seen less benefit First settlers, Early occupations, and the “Peopling of the Americas Debate”: Contributions from South America Outline:
  • Models of colonization vs. non-archaeological and archaeological evidence
  • Reassessing the “clovis first” model: Monte Verde, Chile
  • On other early sites: Fell’s cave, Pedra Furada, Paijan Pleistocene Period of extreme climatic fluctuations Lower sea levels, ice trapped in glaciers, places that are now covered in water were exposed The coast line around north and south America were in some cases 150m deeper Mega fauna: Different animals that did not survive this transitions 1. Models of Colonization of the Americas a. Four models i. From Australia via pacific ocean 1. It is possible but there is no evidence ii. From western Europe via Greenland (Solutrean Model) 1. Main argument is based on negative evidence

iv. From Beringia via coastal niches

2. Reassessing the “Clovis First” Model: Monte Verde, Chile a. South American Data: i. Peopling as early as 13,000 BP (1500 years before Clovis) ii. Very few fluted points iii. Diverse patterns of adaptation 1. Shown by south American evidence b. Differential Adaptation vs. Environmental Diversity i. Less impact in terms of ice sheets but much more humid ii. Paleo-climatic conditions:

  1. Areas of coastline that are now underwater
  2. We find groups adapted to different types of environments which caused problems when trying to prove that they were pre-dated to clovis iii. Looked at artifacts recovered from the Cerro la China site 3
  3. There was no evidence of fluted points (basically agrees with the fact that these people lived before the clovis period). Also shown by cranial evidence c. Two main lithic traditions in South America i. Very little evidence because these civilizations had extremely perishable items. The stone tools become the markers of archaeological complexes and cultures. ii. Different species of animals hunted so different tools are required to hunt iii. Unifacial edge-trimmed tradition 1. Mainly found in the northern portion of South America iv. Bifacial tradition 1. Accounts for projectile points 2. No flute at the bases so they are different form clovis 3. Found mainly in the Andes from South Columbia to Chile v. Examples : 1. Fell’s Cave a. First site to be discovered with these first settlers remains b. Fishtail points, Fell’s Cave, Chile 2. Paijan a. Dates back to 10,000 years ago – a foundation of a circular hut where stone tools were found b. These are easily destructible and most likely the only remains are stone tools c. No evidence of any type of water craft and no way to go deep sea fishing 3. Monte Verde, Chile a. Discovered in 1975 b. Established by a river and was flooded and became a mud bog which is excellent preservation c. The earliest dates that we have go back to 12,500 BP (5,000 years before clovis) d. Was about 25km (about 15 miles) from the ocean at the time e. Broad-spectrum subsistence economy f. Water-logged site that was flooded right after its abandonment g. At the time of its inhabitation it was by a creed and wooded area h. The site was large enough to have been occupied by 20-30 people that may have been a seasonal settlement i. The way that the houses were built: the walls were made from reeds with a mud layer on top and a solid foundation of wood j. Each of the structures had a small fire pit and outside these rectangular structures they found a woodpile and grinding stones, mastodon bones (with meat on it), and outside the compound they found 2 large fire places k. “wish-bone” shaped structure: possible medicinal hut i. Floor covered in animal fat, contained lots of seeds and medicinal plants

ii. The species of plants came from different regions so they were either tradition or were very familiar with the land l. Subsistence : strong emphasis on plants and potatoes, small animals (birds, fish, shell fish), larger mammals, seaweed m. Really contributed to understanding that these early settlers were not only big game hunters but had the knowledge of environment and other surroundings n. At the same location but a different site; in deeper layers archaeologists found 24 broken pebbles. Some of them were broken in a pattern way and some show use wear. The dates that come back from these layers are about 30,000 ybp. It is isolated and has not been accepted that there were people in South America that early. d. Peopling of the Americas: Contributions from South America i. At least 13,000 BP in southern tip of South America ii. Pre-Clovis people iii. Not only big game hunters, but broad spectrum subsistence patterns as well

  1. Plants, coastal etc iv. Dynamic and regionally focused perspective on human dispersal and adaptation
  2. We now think of different types of groups besides Clovis that were diverse and adapted to different types of governments v. We have very little evidence & Monte Verde is the main source of our knowledge of these settlers
  3. On Other Early Sites a. Fell’s Cave: i. One of the earliest Paleoindian sites to be found: 1936 – 1937 ii. Found by Junius Bird iii. Small cave site in Tierra del Fuego, Chile iv. 11,000-10,000 B.P v. Fishtail points vi. Artifacts recovered:
  4. Scrapers, knives, grinding stones b. Pedra Furada i. Found in Brazil 1970’s – French archaeologist (Niede Guidon) ii. Cave site that is extremely deep (about 60 ft of deposit) iii. Dated between 12,000-6,000 B.P. iv. Rock art is dated around 7, v. There has been older layers dated to 30,000 ybp with found artifacts c. Paijan, North Coast of Peru i. Produced bi-facial points Domestication Processes: Plants, Animals, and Subsistence Strategies Outline:
  • What’s domestication and overview of food production in the Americas
  • Early food production and domesticates in the central Andes
  • South American hallucinogens
  • Process of Sedentism, social complexification, and subsistence strategies 1. What’s domestication and overview of food production in the Americas a. Food production = farming + harvesting b. Artificially increase plant/animal use (food+ industrial) i. Think of industrial (cotton) ii. Ultimately we select specific individuals within a species with certain traits we consider useful c. Domestication = genetic modification of wild forms more useful to humans d. Wild food production vs. domestication vs. cultivation
  1. He went there because of the dry conditions where later maize had been found
  2. Corn cob found only about 1” long – and they were already domesticated
  3. One of the major changes we have been through is that the introduction of domesticates was gradual. How would these plants have been used to promote social status etc. because these plants could not have become a staple food because of its size ii. Guitarrero Cave, Peru 6. Early Food production and Domesticates in the Central Andes a. Best evidence from the Central Andes b. Richest sea biomasss in Western Hemisphere i. The process of domestication was impeded by the richness of the ocean, large scale societies were reliant on sea resources before any domestication c. Coastal Desert = isolated oases i. These are dry areas so irrigation was needed but did not develop for a while d. Few animals suited form domestication in biotopes beyond upper threshold of agriculture i. Animals that were suited for domestication were located in areas that were sparsely inhabited by people ii. The spread of maize was considered to be the reason for state formation and large scale society e. Mid-altitude valley = wild plants and fruits suited for domestication i. Either in the highlands or in the coast you find a lot of ancestors of domesticated plants f. First evidence = highlands of Peru (8,600-6,200 BC) i. Because of the richness of the soil and the ocean g. Guitarrero Cave i. In the Ayacucho Bain (straight east of Lima) ii. Lynch 1980 iii. Wooden utensils, baskets, ropes iv. Pimento, beans, gourds, calabashes, maize h. Ayacucho Basin i. Macneish et al 1975 ii. Gourds, calabashes, maize iii. Bulk of diet from hunting, trapping and gathering wild plants i. early horticultural practices BUT bulk of diet from foraging economy j. early dates for maize i. Guitarrero Cave, Peru (only one date, 5,730 BC) ii. Ayachucho Basin, Peru (two cobs, 4,300-2,800 BC) iii. Las Vegas, Ecuador (ca. 4,000 BC) k. Dates suggest appearance in inter-mountain basins i. Earlier dates are from inter-mountain basins in the Keshwa area and spread to the coast later l. Spread to the coast = later m. Diffusion from Mesoamerica & terrestrial route via low and mid-altitude tropical zones of eastern Andes, first in Ecuador, then in coastal Peru i. It does not grow naturally in these places 7. Cotton a. Insudtrial plant b. Farmed very early in coastal peru c. Found in both Old World and New World d. Complex distribution e. Natural habitat = littoral 8. Gourd a. Seen very early – before edible plants become important 9. South American Hallucinogens a. Five genera (common name): i. Anadenanthera (yopo)

1. Kind of shrub or tree that produces fruits that you can dry 2. Crushed and made into a powder (snuff) 3. Unpleasant initial reaction: loss of consciousness but eventually a mellow effect

  1. Consumed in many ways: inhaled through nostrils, etc ii. Banisteriposis (allahuasca) 1. Vine that grows in an amazon 2. Scrape bark of the vine and boil it producing a thick liquid that is drank 3. Unpleasant initial reactions: nausea, loss of consciousness 4. Used by shamans during initiation when they go into the forest and become a jaguar iii. Brugmansia (huacachaca) 1. A flower that you crush, add water to and drink like tea 2. Foam coming out of the mouth, eyes roll back, convulsions, fall into a comatose sleep and have vivid dreams iv. Trichocereus (san pedro) 1. A cactus 2. Boiled in a certain amount of water and certain time 3. When a certain amount is consumed it produces a temporary hallucination 4. Used by shamans in Peru v. Virola (ebene) 1. Can either be mixed with water or ingested with water vi. Coca (Erythroxylum coca) 1. Made into lime & Caleros (Calcium Hydroxide) 2. Reduces fatigue etc. 3. Moche Coca Ceremony a. Narrative of ceremonial character wearing high status Moche gear b. We don’t only have depictions of these ceremonies but we also have remains (the coca bag he found with coca leaves and bone spoon) b. Main Andean cultivars Roots/Tubers Legumes Grains/Pseudo-Cereal Fruits Achira Ahipa Oca Potato Ulluco Manioc Sweet potato Maca Mashua Common bean Tarwi Peanut Jack bean Lima bean Common bean Squash Aji (chili pepper Kaniwa Kiwicha Quinua Fibers Achiote Cotton Gourd/calabash Mora de castilla Ugni Cherimoya Pacae Pepino Papaya Avocado Other: Coca **i. Tubers
  2. Oca:** Second to potatoes in its importance 2. Potatoes: most important 3. Ahipa: Grows very fast 4. Manioc a. Not adapted to high elevation b. Comes from tropical lowland c. Takes 9 months to mature but it does not rot fast – very good security crop **ii. Grains
  3. Quinua –** most famous iii. Fruit 1. Cherimoya a. Very sweet – like cotton candy
  • Sambaquis: Shell mound societies of coastal Brazil
  • Amazon shamanism and the supernatural
  • Non-state farming societies of the Calchaqui Valley, Argentina
  • Chiefdoms of SW Columbia
  • Nazca and non-state craft specialization
  1. Sambaquis : shell mound societies of coastal Brazil a. Can sometimes rise up to 150 ft b. No evidence of permanent structures or people living on site c. Zooliths: linked to the presentation or grinding of substances; shaped after animals 2. Amazon shamanism and the supernatural a. Shaman = piai b. Almost entirely a male profession c. Who becomes piai? i. In general, they receive a call and isolate themselves ii. Potentially everyone has the power of the shaman in them but they have to choose to become one d. How does one become piai? i. Bororo of Brazil ii. Involves local animals iii. In their case, the shaman to be is approached by one of his ancestors in a dream and that person tells him to go live in the forest alone until he is contacted by a bird which is the symbol that the shaman has received the blessing e. Yanomamo of southern Venezuela and northern Brazil i. Separated into different dialects ii. Mainly live in woodland areas of the highlands iii. Probably the best known group of the Amazon iv. Napoleon Chagnon
  2. Researched the Yanommo v. Organization:
  3. Agriculturalists a. Cultivating small gardens adjacent to their villages but also rely on hunting and foraging vi. Warfare (Yanomamo shabono)
  4. More of a raid warfare mainly kidnapping women
  5. Keep themselves in an enclosure instead of having multiple huts for protection from the outside vii. Jivaro – of southern Ecuador
  6. Always talk with other men from villages when they’re armed and never exchange actual information
  7. Guns are left when information is exchanged (like when a girl is marrying a son from another tribe)
  8. The fierce people – man was created before woman in mythology and men are actually a descendant of blood that fell from the moon a. A woman was created from a fruit called wabu and she was not fierce at all and all the people of today are descendants from that woman viii. Cosmos
  9. 4 layers organized around the 3rd layer a. Top later is known as the “tender” layer – where things are created and formed; this layer is now empty b. 2 nd^ layer – sky layer where the people go when they die and where you can contact the ancestor

c. 4 th^ layer – dangerous place that was created when the sun collapsed through the whole 3rd^ layer and took a whole tribe of Yanomamo down with it, and there is only rocks to eat so they are after the young children of the 3rd^ layer – the shaman can also protect them from the cannibals and shamans from other villages d. The main idea about evil is that diseases and spells are casted through invisible darts thrown by shamans f. Non-state farming societies of the Calchaqui Valley, Argentina i. Much later time frame of development in central Andes ii. 1480s – big burst of Inca expansion – often times they would not even have to fight they would only have to intimidate these small societies

3. Chiefdoms of SW Columbia a. Chiefdom: chief or chiefs competing for power within complex society b. The chief and his entourage have to manage and supervise and organize his supporting community (redistribution economy) – people pay tribute (taxes) in different forms, and his blessing is needed for different activities like harvesting, planting, etc. c. From southwestern Columbia 100 AD to about 1800 we do see the emergence of chiefdoms d. Alto Magdalena, Tumaco, Calima, Musca i. Stone sculptures, Cold bracelet, gold mask, calima pottery ii. Muisca female figure – never buried with people, but thrown into lakes or found in groups etc. Early Intermediate Period regional cultures

  1. Nasca a. Focusing on Early Intermediate Period for the Nasca b. Developed one of the most amazing ceramic traditions c. All their vessels are made by coiling d. Emphasize their artworks by painting e. Developed on the south coast of Peru south of Lima f. Puquios i. Wells ii. Way of gathering water and using it for farming iii. Natural slope coming from the Andes iv. Cut trenches and expose underground water and guide it to water crops g. Paracas Peninsula i. Where the father of archaeology did work in the 20s ii. When the history of research started and when the prominence of reservation of South America become popular iii. Mainly known from textiles iv. Themes developed early on will be repeated in Nasca time v. Tumi: semi-circular knife typically used to cut throats and behead people vi. Paracas Necropolis: Huge acropolis that people brought bodies to bury from all over vii. Emphasis on the type of decorative style
  2. Highly polished and has different zones that are limited by incisions which can each be different polished to create contrast

h. Cahuachi i. In the Nasca valley – probably the most nasca site ii. Used to exemplify urbanism before excavation iii. 1980s Silverman excavated between the mounds and found nothing iv. Located on the southern bank of Peru v. Room of the Posts

  1. Believed to be a religious temple

e. Feasts at each renovation f. Non-centralized, non-permanent leadership (cargo?) Formative period: The Initial Period and the state debate

  • Seen as the foundation of Indian civilizations
  • Chavin – thought as the mother culture; thought corn was spread with this cult
  • Divided into 2 periods: o Initial o Early Horizon 5. First Ceramics a. Thought it as a sign of farming b. Come from Ecuador at the site of Valdivia c. Figurines and bowls first to be exported 6. Initial Period a. Ca. 2000-1000 BC, first half of the Formative Period b. Introduction of ceramics c. Heavy reliance on irrigation agriculture + coastal settlements shift inland d. Debated sociopolitical organization e. U-shaped tradition of north-central coast of Peru i. Build lateral wings to enclose an open area on 3 sides ii. The u is consistently oriented up valley iii. Symbolically, water comes down from the mountains and the U captures the water f. Research in Lurin valley by Burger i. Cardal, Lurin Valley g. Casma Valley and the Pozorski i. Sechin Alto 1. The whole site is about 1.5 miles long 2. The platform is about 150 ft tall and about 240 ft wide 3. Built in 3 phases and one of the original platforms is made out of triangular mud bricks h. Cerro Sechin i. “hill of Sechin” ii. Similar type of complex with rooms built with mud bricks that are extremely compartmentalized iii. At some point later on in time that compound is enclosed by walls that have stone slabs in their façade iv. Each stone slab is carved with a depiction of warriors
  1. 2 classes of figures: a. Victors and naked people who have been chopped up into pieces b. The victors stack heads i. Cupisnique culture of the north coast of Peru i. Name of a rivine on the north coast of peru where Larco Hoyle did some excavations and found a bunch of graves ii. One of the styles he discovered is Cupisnique Missing 3/2 & 3/ 4 7. Coastal Ancash, ca. 800-1 BCE a. Chavin demise i. The new dates we have for chavin we suggest that the last dates of construction are between 800-500 BCE ii. Part of a regional cult b. Increased inter-community conflicts i. People abandoning small habitats at the ground floor and relocating to ridges ii. See an increase in weaponry c. Demographic pressure i. See an increase in regional population

ii. Seems to be demographic pressure d. Different levels of sociopological organization i. Contrary to what we would naturally assume, we had different societies living in close proximities that went from a society that we could classify as tribal to more complex chiefdoms with central authority who had power over certain areas e. Economic intensification: maize, camelids i. The introduction of maize to this region and camelids which were introduced from the highlands more of a means for transportation f. Nepena Valley i. Divided into two different regions: upper and lower valley ii. 3 tributaries to the Nepena valley who take their source in lagoons located in glaciers iii. Interesting because its not too far from Chavin iv. Julio C. Tello

  1. Cerro Blango – small temple structures with friezes
  2. Punkuri – another U shaped site with the emphasis on felines a. Woman buried under staircase
  3. Early in the 30s Tello saw these sites as coastal Chavin sites
  4. For him Chavin was the central to this civilization and everything else radiated out from this site
  5. Said that these earlier coastal sites were more simple than anything at Chavin, so they must have been established before the Chavin site v. By 800-900 BC the sites that were chavin related were abandoned vi. What we see is the emergence of a series of more dense centers with architectures of a smaller scale g. Megalithic architecture (ca. 600-1 BCE), upper Nepena Valley h. Caylan i. 2 plazas: enclosed implying a level of control and capacity to keep people out
  6. Used for large scale gatherings ii. Building practices and innovations
  7. Reinterpretation of initial period building techniques
  8. Initial period conical mud bricks a. People were building using clay cones that were much bigger but modified at the Caylan settlement
  9. Early horizon decorative clay cones a. “clay cones” as decorative objects iii. Public art and ideologies
  10. Rejection of initial period religious ideology and iconography
  11. Upper level of wall = step design clay friezes iv. Huamacho
  12. Bone spatula
  13. Jet mirror
  14. Shell necklace
  15. Blue and white textile
  16. Stone bowls
  17. Mortar and pestle
  18. Panpipes
  19. Wooden drumstick
  20. Stirrup-spout bottles v. High status artifacts found on top of Plaza A outer walls: stirrup-spout bottle, red diatomite perform, Spondylus perform, Spondylus beads vi. Ceramics from Huamacho
  21. Zone punctatae, pattern-burnished, zone textile impressed, stamped circle-and-dot
  22. Variants of the Cupisnique style