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Test One- Missing some days Material Type: Notes; Professor: Chicoine; Class: ANCIENT CIV SO AMER; Subject: Anthropology; University: Louisiana State University; Term: Spring 2011;
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Test 1 Ancient Civilizations of South America Introduction: History of Research, Geographical Setting, and Chronologies
ii. 200-700 km wide iii. Average of 4000 m asl iv. Nazca Plate goes underneath the South American Plate and lifted up the Andes v. Ancash earthquake May 31, 1970
ii. Most famous for being the first to visit and report on Tiwanaco & took pictures of the gateway to the sun iii. The first to have conducted some serious scientific work in trying to sequence the prehistory of Peru (only using excavation contexts and what was available) iv. Main rational was that the prehistory of Peru was this cyclical phenomenon in which you had alternative times of cultural horizons v. When he discovered Tiwanaco he defined three cultural horizons
iv. From Beringia via coastal niches
2. Reassessing the “Clovis First” Model: Monte Verde, Chile a. South American Data: i. Peopling as early as 13,000 BP (1500 years before Clovis) ii. Very few fluted points iii. Diverse patterns of adaptation 1. Shown by south American evidence b. Differential Adaptation vs. Environmental Diversity i. Less impact in terms of ice sheets but much more humid ii. Paleo-climatic conditions:
ii. The species of plants came from different regions so they were either tradition or were very familiar with the land l. Subsistence : strong emphasis on plants and potatoes, small animals (birds, fish, shell fish), larger mammals, seaweed m. Really contributed to understanding that these early settlers were not only big game hunters but had the knowledge of environment and other surroundings n. At the same location but a different site; in deeper layers archaeologists found 24 broken pebbles. Some of them were broken in a pattern way and some show use wear. The dates that come back from these layers are about 30,000 ybp. It is isolated and has not been accepted that there were people in South America that early. d. Peopling of the Americas: Contributions from South America i. At least 13,000 BP in southern tip of South America ii. Pre-Clovis people iii. Not only big game hunters, but broad spectrum subsistence patterns as well
1. Kind of shrub or tree that produces fruits that you can dry 2. Crushed and made into a powder (snuff) 3. Unpleasant initial reaction: loss of consciousness but eventually a mellow effect
c. 4 th^ layer – dangerous place that was created when the sun collapsed through the whole 3rd^ layer and took a whole tribe of Yanomamo down with it, and there is only rocks to eat so they are after the young children of the 3rd^ layer – the shaman can also protect them from the cannibals and shamans from other villages d. The main idea about evil is that diseases and spells are casted through invisible darts thrown by shamans f. Non-state farming societies of the Calchaqui Valley, Argentina i. Much later time frame of development in central Andes ii. 1480s – big burst of Inca expansion – often times they would not even have to fight they would only have to intimidate these small societies
3. Chiefdoms of SW Columbia a. Chiefdom: chief or chiefs competing for power within complex society b. The chief and his entourage have to manage and supervise and organize his supporting community (redistribution economy) – people pay tribute (taxes) in different forms, and his blessing is needed for different activities like harvesting, planting, etc. c. From southwestern Columbia 100 AD to about 1800 we do see the emergence of chiefdoms d. Alto Magdalena, Tumaco, Calima, Musca i. Stone sculptures, Cold bracelet, gold mask, calima pottery ii. Muisca female figure – never buried with people, but thrown into lakes or found in groups etc. Early Intermediate Period regional cultures
h. Cahuachi i. In the Nasca valley – probably the most nasca site ii. Used to exemplify urbanism before excavation iii. 1980s Silverman excavated between the mounds and found nothing iv. Located on the southern bank of Peru v. Room of the Posts
e. Feasts at each renovation f. Non-centralized, non-permanent leadership (cargo?) Formative period: The Initial Period and the state debate
ii. Seems to be demographic pressure d. Different levels of sociopological organization i. Contrary to what we would naturally assume, we had different societies living in close proximities that went from a society that we could classify as tribal to more complex chiefdoms with central authority who had power over certain areas e. Economic intensification: maize, camelids i. The introduction of maize to this region and camelids which were introduced from the highlands more of a means for transportation f. Nepena Valley i. Divided into two different regions: upper and lower valley ii. 3 tributaries to the Nepena valley who take their source in lagoons located in glaciers iii. Interesting because its not too far from Chavin iv. Julio C. Tello