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A comprehensive study guide for the ancc cardiac vascular board certification exam, covering key topics such as aneurysms, atherosclerosis, buerger's disease, raynaud's phenomenon, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure (chf), and cor pulmonale. It includes real questions with correct answers, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The guide also addresses specific considerations for different age groups, sexes, and ethnicities, making it a valuable resource for exam preparation and clinical practice. It also covers nursing diagnosis and potential surgeries for chf.
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aneurysms are most likely to accur in which age group? 50-80 yo which sex has higher incidence of aneurysms? which has higher rupture prevalence? males. females rupture more which age group is more prone to peripheral aneurysm? 60- cerebral aneurysms occur mostly in which age group? 35-
aaa- 4 times more common in which sex? and in which race/age group? men--caucasians 40- risk factorsl for aneurysms: smoking high bp atherosclerosis genetic disorders[think marfans] fam hx----
additional---head trauma, tb, untx syphillis, contraceptive use, obesity, etoh, caucasian ethicity, and males what are some complications from aneurysms blood clots end organ dysfx--brain damage/extremity damage small aneurysms treatment?
what is the leading cause of mi and stroke? atherosclerosis what groups of ppl have increased risk of atherosclerosis? men patients with a family hx of such women after menopause if no estrogen therapy atherosclerosis common site? most common--lower aa. other sites...coronary arts and carotid arts and popliteal arts what are some s/s of atherosclerosis chest pain peripheral pain weakness numbness sob dizziness
intermittent claudication ed in men atherosclerosis leading to peripheral art occlusion may cause what s/s intermittent claudication...may be relieved with resting of affected limb who's at risk for athero? those with high ldl and low hdl. elevated tri-gs menopause those who are sedentary obesity pl w/ high bp smokers diabetics physical exam s/s of athero.. diagnostic tests r/t athero
blood tests for pt over 20 w/a hx of cv disease checked q 5 years whats another name for buerger disease? typically found in which age group/ethnicity? thromboangiitis obliterans current or past smokers not usually americans. usually east asia, middle east s/s of buergers? low blood flow to extremities at first, moves proximal to limbs. ischemic digits. ulcers pain tingling infections
gangrene/foul odour raynauds what's the biggest risk factor for buerger's? smoking past or present how is diagnosis of buerger's done? usually by s/s. no definitive test. usually done by ruling out everything else. allens test is done angiography/ultrasound/echo can help assess vasc flow blood tests can rule out scleroderma, autoimmune diseases, lupus, diabetes, and other clotting conditions
exposure to cold what are the causes of raynauds disease/syndrome? unknown what are the risk factors for raynauds? prim- [disease] sex--women more colder climate living fam hx ages 15-25 present with raynauds than any other age group sec--- patients with other comorbid diseases like dm and lupus, etc. also, those who operate machinery for their job s/s of raynauds painful, pale, discolored digits
numb/tingly digits raynauds dz--systemic s/s raynauds syndrome--only extremities s/s. but when they have s/s in extremities, they have exacerbations of their comorbidities also how long do raynauds s/s last minutes to several hours physical exam findings of raynauds no definitive test for this. many s/s used to rule out other things--blood tests to check for secondary things like lupus or thyroid issues color and temp changes in response to cold/stress. to determine between raynauds dz and raynauds syndrome, a nailfold capillary test is performed. diagnostics for raynauds
prim--spontaneous in nature sec--can be linked to a cause like high bp, etc what sorts of factors increase the risk of cm ischemia to myocardium htn gene mutation viral infections most common type of cm dilated cm most common age/sex to present with dilated cm men and 20-60 yo two types of hypertrophic cm and age obstructive--can occur at any age
and nonobstructive--any age restrictive cm? happens mostly in older ppl, elderly vents become thick d/t abnormal tissue growth that replaces cardiac tissue. reduces blood flow and cardiac muscle fx 4 subtypes of cm? dilated hypertrophic restrictive arvd--arrhythmogenic right vent dysplasia what is arvd? arrhythmogenic rv dysplasia. happens in younger ppl athletes
biopsy who is more at risk for dilated cm male gender african americans what are some s/s of cm usually it's a-sx until blood flow becomes restricted with progression, ss can be weakness, fatigue, dyspnea w/exertion, abd swelling, extremities swelling, dizzy, fainting, palps what are some complications of cm? what can it lead to? chf arrhythmias heart murmur endocarditis, cardiac arrest, sudden death blood clots mi and stroke
chf prevalence..age/sex/ethnicity 65 yo and older men af ams what causes mortality in chf arrhythmias in 50% progressive hf in other 50% what is important to ascertain during physical exam with chf patients level of cardiac fx areas of excess fluid, like heart/lungs/liver/end organs diagnostics for chf cxr--enlarged heart echo--heart motion/gradients ekg--electricity disturbances
what are some meds that can cause chf or help lead to it ca channel blockers nsaids corticosteroids diabetic meds what are some symptoms of chf fatigue weakness sob swelling of abd and extremities dizzy fainting arrhythmias increased urination decreased appetite nausea palps nursing dxs for chf
decreased cardiac output impaired gas exchange risk for skin integrity impairment excess fluid volume activity intolerance what are some meds that may be prescribed for chf ace inhibs arbs beta blockade diuretics/electrolyte replacement anxiety relief surgeries that may be required for chf cabg valve surgery pm and icd placement impellas balloon pumps vads
