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A comprehensive overview of anatomical directions in the nervous system, covering key structures like the spinal cord, brain, and cerebral cortex. It delves into the functions of different brain regions, including the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, and explores research methods used to study the brain, such as brain damage, stimulation, and recording brain activity. The document also emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in research involving non-human animals.
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(^) Communicates with sense organs & muscles (except head) (^) Entering dorsal roots carry sensory information (^) Exiting ventral roots carry motor information
(^) Grey matter: located in center of spinal cord (^) densely packed with cell bodies & dendrites (^) White matter: mostly myelinated axons that carry info from gray matter to brain/other areas of spinal cord
(^) Increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration… (^) “fight or flight” response (^) Mostly uses norepinephrine
EXAMPLE: DIVISIONS OF A FISH & HUMAN BRAIN
(^) Medulla (^) Pons (^) Cerebellum
(^) Lies on each side of the medulla (^) Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord (^) Cranial nerves
(^) Helps regulate motor movement, balance, & coordination (^) Learning & conditioning
(^) Thalamus: (^) Relay station from sensory organs (^) Main source of input to cortex (^) Hypothalamus: (^) Conveys messages to pituitary gland to alter release of hormones (^) Motivated emotions - eating, drinking, sexual activity,
(^) Planning motor movement & aspects of memory & emotional expression (^) Attention, language planning, & learning over time