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Anatomy & Research Methods: Anatomical Directions in the Nervous System, Slides of Biological Psychology

A comprehensive overview of anatomical directions in the nervous system, covering key structures like the spinal cord, brain, and cerebral cortex. It delves into the functions of different brain regions, including the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, and explores research methods used to study the brain, such as brain damage, stimulation, and recording brain activity. The document also emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in research involving non-human animals.

Typology: Slides

2024/2025

Uploaded on 09/20/2024

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ANATOMY & RESEARCH METHODS
CHAPTER 3
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Download Anatomy & Research Methods: Anatomical Directions in the Nervous System and more Slides Biological Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

ANATOMY & RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER 3

ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS IN THE

NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE SPINAL CORD

 Part of CNS found within spinal

column

 (^) Communicates with sense organs & muscles (except head)  (^) Entering dorsal roots carry sensory information  (^) Exiting ventral roots carry motor information

THE SPINAL CORD

 Two types of matter

 (^) Grey matter: located in center of spinal cord  (^) densely packed with cell bodies & dendrites  (^) White matter: mostly myelinated axons that carry info from gray matter to brain/other areas of spinal cord

 Each segment sends sensory information to brain & receives

motor commands

THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Network of nerves prepares organs

for rigorous activity

 (^) Increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration…  (^) “fight or flight” response  (^) Mostly uses norepinephrine

EXAMPLE: DIVISIONS OF A FISH & HUMAN BRAIN

THE HINDBRAIN

 (^) Medulla  (^) Pons  (^) Cerebellum

The Human Brainstem

THE HINDBRAIN—THE PONS

 (^) Lies on each side of the medulla  (^) Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord  (^) Cranial nerves

THE HINDBRAIN—THE CEREBELLUM

 (^) Helps regulate motor movement, balance, & coordination  (^) Learning & conditioning

SAGITTAL SECTION THROUGH THE HUMAN

BRAIN

THE FOREBRAIN

 Most anterior & prominent part of mammalian brain

 2 cerebral hemispheres

 Outer cerebral cortex & subcortical regions

 Contralateral processing

THE FOREBRAIN—SUBCORTICAL REGIONS

 Structures underneath cortex

 (^) Thalamus:  (^) Relay station from sensory organs  (^) Main source of input to cortex  (^) Hypothalamus:  (^) Conveys messages to pituitary gland to alter release of hormones  (^) Motivated emotions - eating, drinking, sexual activity,

 Together form “diencephalon”

THE FOREBRAIN—THE PITUITARY GLAND

AND BASAL GANGLIA

 Pituitary gland: hormone-producing

gland found at base of the

hypothalamus

 Basal ganglia: includes caudate

nucleus, putamen, and globus

pallidus

 (^) Planning motor movement & aspects of memory & emotional expression  (^) Attention, language planning, & learning over time