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Chapter 1 An introduction to anatomy and physiology:
how the body is organised
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 b away from the centre 2 b palmar 3 c groin 4 a head 5 c crural 6 d contralateral 7 c abdomen 8 b armpit 9 c oral cavity 10 d inner walls of a body cavity
Activity 2: Exam-style questions
1 It is determined from an imaginary line running down the centre or mid-line of the body. The body is erect and facing forwards; arms are to the side. The palms are facing forwards with the thumbs to the side. The feet are slightly apart with toes pointing forwards. 2 Frontal or coronal plane Median or sagittal plane Transverse plane 3 a i Superior: situated towards the head, or above ii Supine: lying face up in a horizontal position iii Lateral: away from the mid-line iv Proximal: nearest to the point of reference b i Buccal: cheek (head and neck) ii Inguinal: groin (trunk: thorax and abdomen) iii Cubital: elbow (upper limbs) iv Femoral: thigh (lower limbs) 4 The dorsal cavity, which is located in the posterior (back) region of the body. The ventral cavity, which occupies the anterior (front) region of the trunk.
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook:
Answers
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Activity 3: Labelling
Anterior view Posterior view
Pelvic Inguinal
Femoral
Crural
Patellar
Digital/ phalangeal
Palmar
Carpal
Forearm
Cubital
Brachial
Axillary
Costal
Digital/ phalangeal
Pectoral Thoracic Pericardial Mammary Abdominal Umbilical
Vertebral
Plantar
Calcaneal
Sural
Popliteal
Femoral
Gluteal
Sacral
Forearm Lumbar
Perineal
Pedal
Activity 4: Match the key words
Key term Description Key term Description
Lateral Away from the mid-line Caudal Away from the head, or below Deep Further from the body surface Prone Lying face down in a horizontal position
Anterior Front surface of the body/structure Superior Situated towards the head, or above
Proximal Nearest to the point of reference Visceral Term used when referring to any internal organs Ipsilateral On the same side as another structure Plantar Relating to the sole of the foot
Activity 5: Fill in the blanks
1 The vertebrae in the lower back are the lumbar. 2 The axillary lymph nodes are situated under the arm. 3 The radius and ulna are bones of the forearm. 4 The frontal bone is found in the forehead. 5 The mammary glands are also known as the breasts. 6 The carpal bones are located in the wrist. 7 The buccal cavity is in the cheek. 8 The costal cartilages are between the ribs. 9 The femoral artery is in the thigh.
10 The bones of the neck are called the cervical vertebrae.
Activity 6: True or false?
1 False 2 True 3 True 4 True 5 True 6 False
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Activity 4: Sorting
1 Chemical level
2 Cellular level 3 Tissue level
4 Organ level
5 System level
Activity 5: Match the key words
Key term Description Key term Description Mitochondria Oval-shaped organelles that provide the energy to power the cell’s activities
Endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes continuous with the cell membrane
Vacuole Empty spaces within the cytoplasm that contain waste materials
Golgi body A collection of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm
Centrioles Small spherical structures that are associated with cell division
Cytoplasm A gel-like substance that is enclosed by the cell membrane
Ribosomes Tiny organelles that help to manufacture protein for use within the cell
Cell membrane
A fine film that encloses the cell and protects its contents Nucleus Control centre of the cell; regulates the cell’s functions
Chromosomes Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information
Activity 6: Fill in the blanks
A cell must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly. The process by which the body maintains a stable internal cellular environment is called homeostasis.
To sustain life, many substances need to be transported into, out of, and between cells. The term ‘cell respiration’ refers to the controlled exchange of nutrients (such as oxygen and glucose) and waste (such as carbon dioxide) by the cell to activate the energy needed for the cell to function.
Substances are absorbed, or excreted, through the cell membrane in several different ways.
Diffusion is the process by which small molecules move from an area of high concentration to lower concentration. It is the basis by which the cells lining the small intestines take in digestive products to be used by the body.
Osmosis refers to the movement of water through the cell membrane from areas of low chemical concentration to areas of high chemical concentration. This allows for the dilution of chemicals, which are unable to cross the cell membrane by diffusion, in order to maintain equilibrium within the cell.
The movement of water and dissolved substances across the cell membrane due to differences in pressure is called filtration ; an example of this is in the kidneys.
Active transport is used when cells needs to transport substances against their concentration gradient. This is an energy dependent process in which the cell takes in larger molecules that would be otherwise unable to enter in sufficient quantities. This process is the means by which the cell absorbs glucose.
The method by which a cell absorbs small particles outside the cell and brings them inside is called pinocytosis ; this process is usually used for taking in extracellular fluid.
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs particles. such as bacteria, other micro-organisms and foreign matter.
Activity 7: True or false?
1 True 2 True
3 False 4 False
5 True 6 True
7 True 8 False
9 True 10 False
Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails
Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
Skin
1 c stratum germinativum 2 a stratum spinosum 3 b secrete sebum 4 d melanin 5 c sustained touch and pressure 6 a keratinisation
7 c fats, cholesterol and cell debris 8 b fibroblasts 9 d reticular layer 10 d all of the above 11 b eccrine 12 c protection
Skin type and skin conditions
1 a thick, coarse and congested with enlarged pores 2 d sebum 3 d reddening of the skin due to the dilation of blood capillaries.
4 d all of the above 5 b papule 6 b oily 7 b Afro-Caribbean/black 8 a a pearly, hard white nodule under the skin
Skin diseases and disorders
1 c a pigmentation disorder 2 d malignant melanoma 3 c rosacea 4 a a round, nodular lesion with a smooth, shiny surface 5 b psoriasis 6 b a blue-black nodule that increases in size, shape and colour 7 a ringworm
Activity 2: Labelling the structure of the skin
Heat receptor (Ruffini endings)
Pain receptor
Sebaceous gland Erector pili muscle
Hair follicle
Hair
Nerve endings
Deep fascia
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer
Subdermal muscle layer
Hair bulb
Capillary network
Sweat (eccrine) gland
Touch receptor (Meissner's corpuscle)
Pacinian corpuscle (pressure receptor)
Subcutaneous fat
Vein
Motor nerve
Artery
Cold receptor (Krause corpuscle)
Chapter 3 The skin, hair and nails
Sensitive skin presents with a pink tone and appears thin and translucent. It is prone to dry, flaky patches and is easily irritated by products and other external factors such as the elements. It reddens easily from any form of stimulation.
Activity 6: Multiple-choice questions
1 d matrix 2 d all of the above 3 a dermal papilla 4 c Anagen is the active growing stage. 5 a cortex and medulla 6 d connective tissue sheath
Activity 7: Labelling the structure of a hair
Hair shaft
Erector pili muscle
Outer root sheath Upper bulb Dermal papilla
Matrix
Inner root sheath
Connective tissue sheath
Activity 8: Multiple-choice questions
1 b keratin 2 c matrix 3 a cuticle 4 b proximal nail fold
5 d hyponychium 6 c paronychia 7 a the dermis 8 c the intermediate layer
Activity 9: Labelling a cross-section of a nail
Free edge
Hyponychium
Nail bed
Nail plate
Cuticle (eponychium)
Lunula Nail matrix Proximal nail fold (nail mantle)
Nail grooves Nail wall
Activity 10: Exam-style questions
1 Stratum germinativum of the epidermis 2 Papillary, reticular 3 Any two from: ● providing nourishment to the epidermis ● removing waste products from the epidermis
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
● giving a supporting framework to the tissues by providing shape and holding all its structures together ● contributing to skin colour 4 Fibroblast 5 Adipose 6 Haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation 7 Any two from: ● sweat from sweat glands helps to cool the body down ● erector pili muscle contracts to hold heat in skin when cold ● vasodilation of skin capillaries helps to cool the body ● vasoconstriction of skin capillaries helps to conserve heat ● adipose tissue helps to insulate the body against heat loss 8 Any two from: ● fat cells in the subcutaneous layer help protect bones and major organs from injury ● acid mantle acts as an antibacterial agent to help prevent the multiplication of micro-organisms on the skin ● melanin helps to protect the body from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation ● the cells in the horny layer of the skin overlap like scales to prevent micro-organisms from penetrating the skin and to prevent excessive water loss from the body 9 Any two from: ● dry, flaky patches ● tight pores ● matt looking ● thin ● loss of elasticity 10 Any two from: ● visible fine lines ● feeling of tightness on the skin ● parched; lacking in moisture ● soaks products up quickly 11 Physical protection; preventing friction caused by movement 12 Cuticle, cortex and medulla 13 a Anagen, catagen, telogen b Anagen is the active growing stage; catagen is the transitional stage; telogen is the resting stage. 14 It is the area where the living cells are produced. It is the area from which the health of the nail is determined. 15 a It provides a protective seal against bacteria. b Eponychium: base of nail near lunula Perionychium: outlines nails plate Hyponychium: under free edge 16 Dorsal (uppermost) layer 17 Stratum lucidum and stratum corneum 18 Stratums germinativum, spinosum and granulosum 19 Any two from: ● white or yellow scaly deposits at the free edge ● deposits may spread down to invade the nail walls or bed ● nails become thickened, brittle, opaque or discoloured ● nail plate appears spongy and furrowed
20 Nail growth occurs from the nail matrix by cell division. As new cells are produced in the matrix, older cells are pushed forward and are hardened by the process of keratinisation, which forms the hardened nail plate. It takes approximately six months for cells to travel from the lunula to the free edge of the nail for fingernails, and approximately nine to twelve months for toenails.
Activity 11: True or false?
1 True 2 False 3 True 4 False
5 True 6 False 7 True 8 True
9 True 10 True 11 True 12 False
13 True 14 True 15 False 16 True
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Activity 3b: Labelling
Nasal Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Turbinate Vomer
Mandible
Activity 3c: Labelling
Cervical vertebrae
Clavicle (collar bone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Sternum
Humerus
Ribs
Activity 3d: Labelling
Ulna
Carpals Metacarpals
Phalanges
Radius
Humerus
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Chapter 4 The skeletal system
Activity 3e: Labelling
Skull
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Ischium
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Ilium
Pubis
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Cervical vertebrae
Scapula
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Activity 4: Sorting
Bones
Long Short Irregular Flat Sesamoid Femur Carpals Vertebral column Sternum Patella
Humerus Tarsals Scapula
Ulna Ribs
Fibula Frontal Metacarpals
Joints
Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Saddle Gliding
Hip Knee Atlas and axis Thumb Between vertebrae
Shoulder Elbow Radius and ulna
Chapter 5 The muscular system
Chapter 5 The muscular system
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c chest 2 b Triceps 3 d fasciculi 4 a isometric 5 d synergist
6 c flaccid 7 a actin and myosin 8 b orbicularis oculi 9 b trapezius 10 c fibromyalgia
Activity 2: Exam-style questions
1 a Synergist: muscles on the same side of a joint that work together to perform the same movement. b Agonist: main activating muscle. c Isometric contraction: when the muscle works without actual movements. 2 Muscle fibre contraction results from a sliding movement within the myofibrils in which actin and myosin filaments merge. 3 Glucose 4 a Frontalis ● Position: extends across forehead ● Action: wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows b Corrugator ● Position: in between eyebrows ● Action: brings eyebrows together c Buccinator ● Position: in centre of cheek ● Action: helps hold food in contact with the teeth when chewing and compresses the cheek d Orbicularis oris ● Position: surrounds the mouth ● Action: closes the mouth e Depressor anguli oris ● Position: side of chin, extending down at an angle from the side of mouth ● Action: depression of the angle of the mouth f Risorius ● Position: corners of mouth ● Action: pulls the corner of the mouth sideways and upwards 5 a Sternocleidomastoid: side of neck b Trapezius: upper back/shoulders c Deltoid: top of shoulder/humerus d Gastrocnemius: calf e Rectus abdominus: medially along the length of the abdomen f Triceps: back of upper arm 6 a Brachioradialis: flexes forearm at the elbow b Extensor carpi radialis: extension of the wrist c Quadriceps: extends the knee and flex the hip d Sartorius: flexes the hip and knee, and rotates the thigh laterally e Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes and inverts foot f Flexor digitorum longus: extension of the second to fifth toes, dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Activity 3a: Labelling
Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi Nasalis Zygomaticus minor Zygomaticus major Risorius
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Corrugator
Temporalis
Levator labii superioris
Procerus
Masseter Buccinator
Mentalis (chin)
Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris
Sternocleidomastoid
Levator anguli oris
Activity 3b: Labelling
Coracobrachialis
Pectoralis minor
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Vastus intermedius
Extensor digitorum Peroneus longus longus
Tibialis anterior
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Quadriceps Vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Flexors of forearm
Biceps
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Surface muscles Deep muscles
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Activity 5: Match the key words
Key term Description Key term Description
Skeletal Type of muscle tissue attached to bone
Neuromuscular junction
Site where nerve fibres and muscle fibres meet
Cardiac Type of muscle tissue found in the walls of the heart
Motor point End part of nerve through which the stimulus to contract is given to the muscle fibre
Myofibrils Contractile elements of a skeletal muscle fibre
Insertion Most movable part of the muscle during contraction
Tendon Tough fibrous band that links muscle to bone
Muscle tone State of partial contraction of a muscle
Fascia Fibrous connective tissue that envelops a muscle
Linea alba Long tendon extending from the bottom of the sternum to the pubic symphysis
Activity 6: Fill in the blanks
When a stimulus is applied to voluntary muscle fibres via a motor nerve, a mechanical action is initiated.
During contraction a sliding movement occurs within the contractile fibres of the muscle. The actin protein filaments move inwards towards the myosin and the two filaments merge.
This action causes the muscle fibres to shorten and thicken and then pull on their attachments (bones and joints) to effect the movement required. The attachment of myosin cross-bridges to actin requires calcium.
The nerve impulses leading to contraction cause an increase in sodium ions within the muscle cell. During relaxation, the muscle fibres elongate and return to their original shape.
Activity 7: True or false?
1 True 2 True 3 True
4 False 5 True 6 True
7 False 8 True 9 False
10 True 11 False 12 True
Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system
Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 d platelet 2 a to carry oxygenated blood around the body 3 b right and left coronary arteries 4 a myocardium 5 a carbon dioxide 6 b internal carotid artery 7 a liver 8 c left ventricle 9 d common facial vein 10 a aneurysm 11 c 55% 12 d closing of the heart’s valves
Activity 2: Exam-style questions
1 a Proteins in the blood that control bleeding b Fibrinogen, prothrombin 2 a Artery ● Structural: thick muscular and elastic walls, no valves, narrow lumen, deeper seated ● Functional: carries (oxygenated) blood away from the heart under high pressure b Vein ● Structural: thinner muscular and elastic walls, valves, wide lumen, superficially seated ● Functional: carries (deoxygenated) blood towards the heart under lower pressure 3 Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the vessels, resulting in a decreased vascular diameter and heat being conserved in the blood for the body to be kept warm. Vasodilation: is the widening of the vessels, resulting in an increased vascular diameter; heat in the blood is lost through radiation, allowing the body to cool down. 4 Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium 5 a Diastolic: minimum pressure of the heartbeat; when the heart muscle relaxes and blood flows into the heart from the veins. b Systolic: maximum pressure of the heartbeat; represents the pressure exerted on the arterial wall during active ventricular contraction.
Chapter 6 The cardiovascular system
Activity 5: Match the key words
Key term Description Key term Description
Capillary Smallest type of blood vessel that unites arterioles and venules
Vein Blood vessel carrying blood towards heart
Thrombocyte/ platelet
Specialised blood cell involved in clotting
Leucocyte Largest of all the blood cells
Artery Blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
Inferior vena cava
Large vein draining deoxygenated blood from the upper parts of the body above the diaphragm (head, neck, thorax and arms)
Haemostasis The process by which bleeding is stopped
Lumen An opening inside a blood vessel through which blood flows
Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms a fibrous mesh during blood clotting
Superior vena cava
Large vein receiving deoxygenated blood from the lower parts of the body below the diaphragm Septum Partition separating the two chambers of the heart
Ventricle One of the two lower chambers of the heart
Activity 6: Fill in the blanks
Blood is the primary transport medium for a variety of substances that travel throughout the body. Oxygen is carried from the lungs to the cells of the body in red blood cells, and carbon dioxide is carried from the body’s cells to the lungs. Other substances carried in the blood include nutrients such as glucose , amino acids, vitamins and minerals, and cellular wastes such as water, lactic acid and urea to be excreted.
Hormones , which are internal secretions that help to control important body processes, are transported by the blood to target organs.
White blood cells are collectively called leucocytes. They play a major role in combating infection and fighting disease.
Phagocytes have the ability to engulf and ingest micro-organisms that invade the body and cause disease. Specialised white blood cells called lymphocytes produce antibodies to protect the body against infection.
Blood also helps to regulate heat in the body by absorbing large quantities produced by the liver and the muscles. This is then transported around the body to help to maintain a constant internal temperature. Blood also helps to regulate the body’s pH balance.
Clotting is an effective mechanism in controlling blood loss from blood vessels when they have become damaged, as in a cut. Specialised blood cells called thrombocytes , or platelets, form a clot around the damaged area to prevent the body from losing too much blood and to prevent the entry of bacteria.
Activity 7: True or false?
1 True 2 True 3 False
4 True 5 False 6 True
7 False 8 True 9 True
10 True 11 False 12 True
Anatomy & Physiology Workbook: Answers
Chapter 7 The lymphatic system and immunity
Activity 1: Multiple-choice questions
1 c circulatory 2 c thoracic and right lymphatic 3 b spleen 4 d subclavian veins 5 c pancreas 6 c to carry excess fluid away from the tissue spaces 7 b under the chin 8 a drain lymph laden with digested fat from the small intestine 9 d afferent 10 b Hodgkin’s disease
Activity 2: Exam-style questions
1 Lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, lymphatic ducts 2 Any two from: ● drainage of excess fluid from the tissues ● fighting infection ● absorption of the products of fat digestion 3 a Submental: middle of the neck, under the chin b Mastoid: behind the ear 4 One-way valves; thin collapsible walls
5 Collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, left arm, lower limbs and abdomen and drains into the left subclavian vein to return it to the bloodstream.
Activity 3a: Labelling
Parotid nodes
Buccal nodes
Submental nodes
Submandibular nodes
Deep cervical nodes
Superficial cervical nodes
Occipital nodes
Mastoid nodes
