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The answers to the questions of an anatomy & physiology exam for the course aphy101. It covers topics such as structural organization, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, anatomical positions, body cavities, and cellular components. Useful for students preparing for exams, quizzes, or tests.
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Least to most complex structural organization - Answer>>chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism Homeostasis - Answer>>a condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment maintained by a regulatory process Negative feedback - Answer>>disruption of homeostasis causes a chain reaction that brings the body back to normal conditions (ex: body temperature and blood pressure) Positive feedback - Answer>>disruption of homeostasis causes further deviations (ex: labor and blood clots) Anatomical position - Answer>>hands at side, palms facing forward, feet together, and viewing anterior side of the body Supine - Answer>>laying on back Prone - Answer>>laying on stomach Sagittal plane - Answer>>cuts body into left and right sides Mid-sagittal plane - Answer>>cuts body right down the middle Frontal plane - Answer>>splits body into anterior and posterior halves (front and back)
Transverse plane - Answer>>splits body into upper and lower halves Anterior/ventral - Answer>>front of the body posterior/dorsal - Answer>>back of body cranial/cephalic - Answer>>brain caudal - Answer>>tailbone superior - Answer>>higher up inferior - Answer>>lower down proximal - Answer>>in reference to the trunk, higher up distal - Answer>>in reference to the trunk, lower down lateral - Answer>>further away medial - Answer>>closer to the center of the body Cranial cavity - Answer>>formed by cranial bones and contains brain 3 major body cavities - Answer>>Cranial, thoracic, and abdominal pelvic cavity
Enzymes - Answer>>a catalyst in a living cell DNA - Answer>>forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities RNA - Answer>>guides protein formation Parts of a cell (3) - Answer>>Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Plasma membrane function - Answer>>support tissues, maintain balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids , allows cell to recognize and respond to changes in the environment Glycocalyx - Answer>>allows cells to distinguish themselves from one another Integral proteins - Answer>>don't move: include receptors Peripheral proteins - Answer>>move: include transporters and carriers Ion channel - Answer>>open channel proteins for several common ions Linker - Answer>>helps cell move or link cell to other cells within the body Cell identity marker - Answer>>distinguishes your cells from anyone elses Concentration gradient - Answer>>difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the membrane and the other
Electrical gradient - Answer>>difference in concentration of ions between one side of the membrane and the other There is more ______ found inside of the cell and more ______ found on the outside of the cell
3 types of vesicles - Answer>>secretory, membrane, transport function of the secretory vesicle - Answer>>exports proteins from cell by exocytosis what happens to the proteins in membrane vesicles - Answer>>merge with plasma membrane function of the transport vesicle - Answer>>takes product to lysosome Lysosomes function - Answer>>recycle old cells, autolysis Peroxisomes function - Answer>>help synthesize bile acids, cholesterol (abundant in liver cells) Mitochondria - Answer>>energy producing organelle Nucleus - Answer>>largest cell structure- control center for cellular operations Cell division occurs in two stages: - Answer>>Interphase and mitosis Phases of interphase - Answer>>G1, S, and G G1 phase - Answer>>organelles and cytosolic components are duplicated S phase - Answer>>DNA is replicated G2 phase - Answer>>cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized
Phases of mitosis - Answer>>prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis Prophase - Answer>>chromatin condenses Metaphase - Answer>>centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate Anaphase - Answer>>centromeres split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell Telophase - Answer>>miotic spindle dissolves, a new nuclear membrane forms Cytokinesis - Answer>>cytoplasm of parent cell fully splits