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Anatomy & Physiology APHY101- Exam
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Answers
Least to most complex structural organization - Answer>>chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism Homeostasis - Answer>>a condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment maintained by a regulatory process Negative feedback - Answer>>disruption of homeostasis causes a chain reaction that brings the body back to normal conditions (ex: body temperature and blood pressure) Positive feedback - Answer>>disruption of homeostasis causes further deviations (ex: labor and blood clots) Anatomical position - Answer>>hands at side, palms facing forward, feet together, and viewing anterior side of the body Supine - Answer>>laying on back Prone - Answer>>laying on stomach Sagittal plane - Answer>>cuts body into left and right sides Mid-sagittal plane - Answer>>cuts body right down the middle Frontal plane - Answer>>splits body into anterior and posterior halves (front and back)
Transverse plane - Answer>>splits body into upper and lower halves Anterior/ventral - Answer>>front of the body posterior/dorsal - Answer>>back of body cranial/cephalic - Answer>>brain caudal - Answer>>tailbone superior - Answer>>higher up inferior - Answer>>lower down proximal - Answer>>in reference to the trunk, higher up distal - Answer>>in reference to the trunk, lower down lateral - Answer>>further away medial - Answer>>closer to the center of the body Cranial cavity - Answer>>formed by cranial bones and contains brain 3 major body cavities - Answer>>Cranial, thoracic, and abdominal pelvic cavity
Enzymes - Answer>>a catalyst in a living cell DNA - Answer>>forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cells activities RNA - Answer>>guides protein formation Parts of a cell (3) - Answer>>Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Plasma membrane function - Answer>>support tissues, maintain balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids , allows cell to recognize and respond to changes in the environment Glycocalyx - Answer>>allows cells to distinguish themselves from one another Integral proteins - Answer>>don't move: include receptors Peripheral proteins - Answer>>move: include transporters and carriers Ion channel - Answer>>open channel proteins for several common ions Linker - Answer>>helps cell move or link cell to other cells within the body Cell identity marker - Answer>>distinguishes your cells from anyone elses Concentration gradient - Answer>>difference in concentration of a chemical between one side of the membrane and the other
Electrical gradient - Answer>>difference in concentration of ions between one side of the membrane and the other There is more ______ found inside of the cell and more ______ found on the outside of the cell
- Answer>>potassium, sodium Osmosis - Answer>>the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Hydrostatic pressure - Answer>>pressure that water exerts on walls of structure (causes movement) Osmotic pressure - Answer>>pressure needed to overcome hydrostatic pressure Tonicity - Answer>>concentration of a solute in any substance Primary active transport - Answer>>energy derived from ATP changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient The sodium-potassium pump ejects ___ sodium molecules and pulls in __ potassium molecules
- Answer>>3, 2 Secondary active transport - Answer>>energy stored is used to drive other substances against their own concentration gradient Phagocytosis - Answer>>engulf full fungi and bacteria Pinocytosis - Answer>>"drinks" everything surrounding it
3 types of vesicles - Answer>>secretory, membrane, transport function of the secretory vesicle - Answer>>exports proteins from cell by exocytosis what happens to the proteins in membrane vesicles - Answer>>merge with plasma membrane function of the transport vesicle - Answer>>takes product to lysosome Lysosomes function - Answer>>recycle old cells, autolysis Peroxisomes function - Answer>>help synthesize bile acids, cholesterol (abundant in liver cells) Mitochondria - Answer>>energy producing organelle Nucleus - Answer>>largest cell structure- control center for cellular operations Cell division occurs in two stages: - Answer>>Interphase and mitosis Phases of interphase - Answer>>G1, S, and G G1 phase - Answer>>organelles and cytosolic components are duplicated S phase - Answer>>DNA is replicated G2 phase - Answer>>cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized
Phases of mitosis - Answer>>prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis Prophase - Answer>>chromatin condenses Metaphase - Answer>>centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate Anaphase - Answer>>centromeres split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell Telophase - Answer>>miotic spindle dissolves, a new nuclear membrane forms Cytokinesis - Answer>>cytoplasm of parent cell fully splits
