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ANATOMY NBME EXAM 2025 /2026 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Space from which epidural anesthesia and lumbar function are performed (depth) - correct answer - Subarachnoid space Vertebral level at epidural anesthesia and lumbar puncture are performed - correct answer - L3/L4 (or L4/L5) Level at which the spinal cord ends - correct answer - L Level to which the dural sac extends - correct answer - S Nerve root compressed by herniated lumbar disk - correct answer - One level below (e.g. L4/L5 compresses L5)
Consequence of Lumbar herniation - correct answer - Decrease in lower limb reflexes What causes lordosis - correct answer - Pregnancy, spondylolisthesis, Potbelly What causes Scoliosis - correct answer - Poliomyelitis, Leg length discrepancy, Hip disease What causes Kyphosis - correct answer - Osteoporosis, disk degeneration Consequence of fracture of Surgical neck of Humerus - correct answer - Axillary nerve Consequence of fracture of midshaft of Humerus - correct answer - Radial nerve and origin of brachialis muscle Consequence of fracture of supracondylar region of Humerus - correct answer - Median nerve and brachial artery
Cause of Mallet finger - correct answer - Hyperflexion of DIP joint Result of mallet finger - correct answer - Inability to extend DIP joint due to avulsion of extensor digitorum tendon to the base of the distal phalanx Region of shoulder joint where dislocation is most probable and reason - correct answer - Inferiorly due to the absence of rotator cuff tendon Synonym of Mallet Finger - correct answer - Baseball finger Muscle that abducts upper limb from 0 - 15 degrees and nerve - correct answer - Supraspinatus, Suprascapular nerve Muscle that abducts upper limb from 15 - 110 degrees and nerve - correct answer - Deltoid, Axillary nerve Muscle that abducts upper limb from 110 - 180 degrees and nerve - correct answer - Trapezius, Spinal accessory nerve & Serratus anterior, Long thoracic nerve
Cause of sub acromial bursitis - correct answer - Calcified supraspinatus tendinitis Symptoms of Sub acromial bursitis - correct answer - Painful arc of abduction Cause of Student's elbow - correct answer - Repeated excessive pressure to the olecranon bursa Synonym of Student's elbow - correct answer - Subcutaneous Olecranon Bursitis Synonym of Tennis elbow - correct answer - Lateral Epicondylitis Cause of tennis elbow - correct answer - Strain on the common extensor tendon and inflammation of the periosteum of the lateral epicondyle Muscles affected by Tennis elbow - correct answer - Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor digiti mini, Extensor carpi ulnaris
Site of venipuncture and reason - correct answer - Median cubital vein because content of cubital fossa protected by bicipital aponeurosis Cause of carpal tunnel syndrome - correct answer - Reduction of carpal tunnel size due to dislocation of lunate bone, fluid retention, infection Clinical manifestations of carpal tunnel syndrome - correct answer - Anesthesia of lateral 3.5 digits, Palm sensation not affected (Superficial palmar cutaneous), Absence of opposition Synonym of upper brachial palsy - correct answer - Erb-Duchenne Cause of Erb-Duchenne palsy - correct answer - Increase in the angle of the neck and shoulder or birth injury due to forceful pulling of infant's head which leads to injury of the upper roots and trunks (C5 and C6) Nerve's injured in Erb-Duchenne palsy - correct answer - Axillary, Suprascapular, Musculocutaneous Signs of Erb-Duchenne palsy - correct answer - Waiter's tip: loss of sensation in the lateral aspect of the UL, adducted shoulder, Medial rotation of arm, Extension of elbow
Synonym of lower brachial palsy - correct answer - Klumpke paralysis Cause of Klumpke paralysis - correct answer - Injury to the lower roots and trunk (C8-T1) due to UL being pulled superiorly (grabbing support while falling, birth injury) Pathology associated with Klumpke paralysis - correct answer - Thoracic outlet/Horner syndrome Lesion to what nerve causes Claw hand - correct answer - Ulnar nerve Lesion to what nerve causes Ape hand - correct answer - Median nerve Signs of Klumpke paralysis - correct answer - Combination of Claw hand and Ape hand, Loss of sensation on medial side of UL and medial 1. fingers Cause of injury to musculocutaneous nerve - correct answer - Lesions of the lateral cord
Cause of avascular necrosis of femoral head - correct answer - Trans cervical necrosis disrupting blood supply to retinacular arteries of the medial circumflex femoral artery Foot drop - correct answer - Lack of dorsiflexion Flail drop - correct answer - Lack of both plantarflexion and dorsiflexion Signs of sciatic nerve injury - correct answer - Foot drop, Flail drop, Weakness in hip extension and knee flexion Causes of sciatic nerve injury - correct answer - Improper gluteal injection, Posterior hip dislocation Most common type of hip dislocation - correct answer - Posterior hip dislocation Anatomical changes seen in hip dislocation - correct answer - Fracture of ischium and tearing of ischiofemoral ligament
Sings of posterior hip dislocation - correct answer - Medial rotation and shortening of LL Cause of superior gluteal nerve injury - correct answer - Posterior hip dislocation Signs of superior gluteal nerve injury - correct answer - Trendelenburg sign: paralysis of gluteus minimums and Medius leading to contralateral pelvis to drop Causes of inferior gluteal nerve injury - correct answer - Posterior hip dislocation, Surgery Signs of inferior gluteal nerve injury - correct answer - Inability to climb stairs or stand from a seated position Causes of Obturator nerve injury - correct answer - Anterior hip dislocation, Radical retropubic prostatectomia Signs of injury to obturator nerve - correct answer - Difficulty adducting thigh, decreased sensation over upper medial thigh
Why the unhappy triad is frequently injured - correct answer - Because the lateral side of the knee is struck more often Movements limited by medial/tibial collateral ligament - correct answer - Extension and abduction of knee Structural difference between lateral and medial collateral ligament of the knee - correct answer - Medial blends with the joint capsule and attaches to the medial meniscus while fibular does not Movements limited by lateral/fibular collateral ligament - correct answer - Adduction of the knee Location of suprapatellar bursa - correct answer - Between distal femur and quadriceps Location of prepatellar bursa - correct answer - Between superficial surface of patella and skin Location of intra-articular injection of the knee - correct answer - Suprapatellar bursa
Nerves tested by patellar reflex - correct answer - L2 - L Type of injury seen in sprained ankles most frequently - correct answer - Inversion Injury Ligament most commonly injured in a sprained ankle - correct answer - Anterior talofibular ligament Extensive injury seen in ankle sprain - correct answer - Fracture of the lateral malleolus Cause of Pott's fracture - correct answer - Forced eversion of the foot Injury that results from Pott's fracture - correct answer - Avulsion of the deltoid ligament followed by fracture of the medial malleolus (fibular fracture) Nerves tested by ankle jerk reflex - correct answer - S1 - S
Content of popliteal fossa from superficial to deep - correct answer - Tibial nerve, Popliteal vein, Popliteal artery SLIDE 52 - correct answer - SLIDE 52 Motor and sensory innervation of the Medial plantar nerve - correct answer
- Sensory: medial 3.5 digits, Motor: Flexor digitorum brevis, 1st lumbrical, Flexor hallucis brevis, Abductor hallucis Motor and sensory innervation of the Lateral plantar nerve - correct answer
- Quadratus plantae, Flexor digit minimi, abductor digiti minimi, Adductor hallcis three lateral lumbricals, interossei Source of carcinoma of the breast - correct answer - Adenocarcinoma due to epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts Characteristic morphology and cause of carcinoma of the breast - correct answer - Dimpling of skin due to adenocarcinoma attaching to suspensory ligament of Cooper Lymph drainage of breasts - correct answer - 75% from latera - > anterior pectoral lymph nodes - > Axillary lymph nodes; Medial - > Parasternal
Radical mastectomy - correct answer - Removal of breast. Pectoral muscles, fat, fascia, and as many lymph nodes as possible in the axilla and pectoral region Possible complication of radical mastectomy - correct answer - Injury of intercostobrachial nerve - > loss of sensation on medial arm, Injury of Long thoracic - > winged scapula Cause of mastitis - correct answer - Bacteria from baby's mouth enter a milk duct Population at risk of developing mastitis - correct answer - Women that are breastfeeding (1 - 3 months after delivery) Arrangement of intercostal vessels and nerve - correct answer - Superior to inferior: Vein, Artery, Nerve Most vulnerable structures of the thoracic wall - correct answer - Intercostal nerve and posterior artery because not covered by ribs
Cause of left atrial hypertrophy - correct answer - Mitral valve failure How to diagnose left atrial hypertrophy - correct answer - Filling defect in the esophagus by barium swallow on lateral X-Ray Location of SA node - correct answer - Upper part of the sulcus terminalis near the opening of the SVC Location of the AV node - correct answer - lower part of the atrial septum near the coronary sinus Direction of bundle of His - correct answer - Membranous part of ventricular septum - > right part passes down to reach the moderator band, left part passes to the left ventricle Branches of the right coronal artery and regions supplied by each - correct answer - Anterior cardiac Branch to Right atrium, Nodal branch to SA and AV nodes, Marginal artery to right ventricle, Posterior IVA to inferior surface of ventricles and posterior 1/3 of IV septum Branches of the left coronal artery and regions supplied by each - correct answer - Anterior/descending IVA gives anterior heart wall, anterior 1/3 of
IV septum, bundle of his, apex; Circumflex artery gives left atrium and ventricle Artery most vulnerable to MI - correct answer - Anterior/descending IVA Most common congenital heart defect - correct answer - VSD Cause of ASD - correct answer - Failure of the foramen ovale to close Consequence of ASD - correct answer - Left to right shunting that does not translate into cyanosis Cause of VSD - correct answer - Failure of the membranous and muscular portion of the IVS to fuse Consequence of VSD - correct answer - Left to right shutting causing RIGHT ventricular hypertrophy but no cyanosis Ductus arteriosus - correct answer - Connection between aorta and pulmonary trunk
