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An in-depth exploration of the lymphatic system, its components, functions, and role in the immune system. Topics covered include the structure of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, the functions of lymphocytes and macrophages, and the adaptive and non-specific defense mechanisms of the immune system.
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What does the lymphatic system do - correct answer Returns leaked fluid to the blood and cleanses that fluid of bacteria and foreign matter. Which body system plays a very important role in immunity - correct answer Lymphatic What two parts make up the lymphatic system - correct answer Lymphatic vessels (like capillaries) and lymphoid tissues (like lymph nodes etc) What do the lymphatic vessels do - correct answer Return excess tissue fluid (lymph) back to the blood, flowing only in the direction of the heart. What stops lymph flowing back down the lymphatic vessels? - correct answer Minivalves (similar to veins) What do lymph nodes do - correct answer They clean the blood of debris and checked for bacteria and foreign matter. How does lymph flow through the body - correct answer It is pushed by pressure up through lymph vessels, detours via lymph nodes, into larger and larger vessels, ending up in lymphatic collecting vessels before being dumped into one of the two ducts (thoracic and right lymphatic) that empty the lymph into their subclavian vein. What do the lymph nodes produce and contain - correct answer Lymphocytes (B and T), and macrophages What are T cells or T lymphocytes also known as - correct answer Killer cells (they scan for rogue cells and destroy them)
What do B cells or B lymphocytes do - correct answer They produce daughter cells called plasma cells, which release antibodies Which two cells are found in the lymph node cortex - correct answer B cells and T cells Where are macrophages located in the lymph node - correct answer In the medulla (centre) Where is lymph filtered? - correct answer In lymph nodes What does the spleen do - correct answer Filters blood, and cleanses it of bacteria, viruses and debris and destroys worn out red blood cells. It then sends some of the broken down products to the liver to use (eg, the iron from dead RBC's is used to make haemoglobin) At what age is the thymus most active - correct answer Youth (it produces thymosin which assists with immunity) What are the lymphoid organs - correct answer Spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer's patches, appendix Where are peyer's patches found and what do they do - correct answer In the small intestine, they have macrophages which capture and destroy bacteria Where is the spleen located - correct answer To the upper left of the stomach What are two types of defence system within the lymphatic system - correct answer Adaptive and nonspecific (adaptive or specific = acts against specific foreign substances, nonspecific or innate = responds to all foreign substances)
What are the four ways an antibody can inactive an antigen - correct answer Agglutination (clumps the nasty cells together so they are more easily eaten by phagocytes), Complement fixation (water bursting), Neutralisation (bind to the toxin or bacteria, preventing it from leaving the cell) and precipitation (similar to agglutination) What are two types of T cells? - correct answer Helper cells and Killer cells (cytotoxic) What is the role of Helper and Killer T cells - correct answer Killer T cells specialise in killing virus infected, cancer or foreign graft cells, Helper T cells manage the immune system, circulating through the body and recruiting other cells to help fight of invaders.