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ANATOMY IUPUI FINAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS (WELL VERIFIED) ALREADY GRADED
A+
Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of the external and internal structures of the
body and the physical relationships between body parts
Physiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of the functions of bodily structures`
Microscopic Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of structures that cannot be seen
without magnification
Cytology and Histology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> types of microscopic anatomy
Cytology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> analyzes the internal structure of cells, the smallest units
of life
Histology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of tissues
Tissues - CORRECT ANSWER >>> groups of specialized cells aneed cell products that work
together and perform specific funtions
Epithelial, connective, muscle and neural - CORRECT ANSWER >>> 4 types of tissues Organ -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Anatomical structure that has multiple functions. Ex.
heart, kidney
Gross Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Study of structures that can be seen with the naked
eye
Surface Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of general anatomical form, or
morphology
Regional anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of the superficial and internal features in a
specific area of the body, such as the head, neck or trunk.
Systemic Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the study of anatomy based upon the body's
organ systems
Organ System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Group of organs that function together to produce
coordinated effects. Ex. Heart, blood and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system, which distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
Developmental Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> studies the changes in form that take
place between conception and physical maturity. Involves both microscopic and gross anatomy
Embryology - CORRECT ANSWER >>> study of early developmental processes
Comparative Anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER >>> studies the anatomical organization of
different types of animals
Tissue Level - CORRECT ANSWER >>> similar types of cells, with a common function,
combine to form tissues; four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human body
Organ Level - CORRECT ANSWER >>> more than one tissue type (often all four tissues)
combine to form organs; extremely complex physiological processes occur at this level
Organ System Level - CORRECT ANSWER >>> organs that work closely together combine to
form an organ system, to accomplish a common purpose; there are 11 organ systems of the human body
Human Organism - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the highest level of structural organization; this is
the combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the life of the organism Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory,
Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The 11 Organ Systems
integumentary system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> protects against environmental hazards;
helps control body temperature. Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
Skeletal System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Supports and protects soft tissues; stores minerals;
forms blood.
Muscular System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Provides movement and support; generates heat;
maintains posture
Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> control center of the body, which directs
immediate responses to stimuli and coordinates the other organ systems; i.e. responds to internal and external stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Endocrine System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> composed of glands that secrete different
types of hormone that affect almost every cell, organ and function of your body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood. Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems
cardiovascular system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and
blood to transport materials within the body. Distributes cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
lymphatic system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> defends against infection and disease by housing
white blood cells that function in immunity; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
respiratory system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs
between the air and circulating blood; maintains constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas exhange occurs at the alveoli
Digestive System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Processes and digests food; absorbs nutrients;
stores energy reserves
Urinary System - CORRECT ANSWER >>> elimination of excess water, salts, and waste
products; control of pH; regulates blood pressure
reproductive system - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Produces sex cells and hormones for the
purpose of producing offspring
Antebrachium - CORRECT ANSWER >>> forearm
Carpus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Wrist
Manus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Hand
Pollicis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> thumb
Abdomen - CORRECT ANSWER >>> abdominal region
Umbilicus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> navel/belly button
Pelvis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> pelvic region
Pubis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> anterior pelvis or genital region
Inguen - CORRECT ANSWER >>> groin
Lumbus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lower back
Gluteus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> buttock region
Femur - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Thigh
Patella - CORRECT ANSWER >>> kneecap
Crus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> anterior leg; from knee to ankle Sura - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> posterior; calf of leg
Tarsus - CORRECT ANSWER >>> ankle
Pes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> foot (pedals of bike)
Planta - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the bottom of the foot, sole
Hallucis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> great toe or big toe
Frontal plane, sagittal plane and transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Body Planes
Frontal Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> divides the body into a right and left side
Transverse Plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>> lies at right angles to the frontal and sagittal
planes.
Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The route through which substances (only very small
molecules) can enter the body, dependent upon catabolic reactions
Adaptability - CORRECT ANSWER >>> long-term responsiveness
Adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the change in living organisms that allow them to live
successfully in an environment
differentation - CORRECT ANSWER >>> process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
Excretion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the process of removing wastes from the body
Growth - CORRECT ANSWER >>> refers to an increase in some quantity over time, often due
to an increase in the size/number of cells
Supine - CORRECT ANSWER >>> patient is lying down with face up
Prone - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Patient is lying face down
Responsiveness - CORRECT ANSWER >>> the ability of an organism to change activity or
functioning based upon the application of a stimulus; also referred to as irritability Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals Cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells
Cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital function -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Cell Theory
Sex cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>> egg and sperm
Peripheral Proteins - CORRECT ANSWER >>> attached to the membrane but can separate
from it
Channels - CORRECT ANSWER >>> allow water and ions to move across the membrane
Gated Channels - CORRECT ANSWER >>> A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens
or closes in response to a particular stimulus.
Microvilli - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tiny fingerlike projections that increase the cell's surface
area for , secretion and cellular adhesion
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER >>> net movement of material from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration; occurs until equilibrium is achieved
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> net movement of a solvent (frequently water) across a
semi permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration
facilitated diffusion (facilitated transport) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a process of diffusion; a
form of passive transport facilitated by the presence of transport proteins
Active Membrane Processes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mediated processes of moving
molecules and other substances across the cell membrane, often requiring energy in the form of ATP
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER >>> energy dependent (require ATP) and independent
of concentration gradient
endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> process where cells absorb material from the outside
by engulfing it with their cell membrane
Phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cell eating; process by which cells ingest large objects,
such as bacteria or visurses
receptor-mediated endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a more specific active event where
the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits
Pinocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cell drinking; uptake of solutes and single molecules
such as proteins
Cytoplasm, Organelles and inclusions - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The cytoplasm consists of 3
major elements
cytosol - CORRECT ANSWER >>> an intracellular fluid that contains dissolved solutes, and
surrounds the cellular organs
organelles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> specialized subunits within a cell that has special
function
Nucleous, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, peroxisomes -
CORRECT ANSWER >>> Membranous Organelles
Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Thick Filaments, Centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Nonmembranous Organelles
Lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> spherical, membrane walled sacs that contain digestive
enzymes Function: digesting unwanted substances, such as excess or worn out organelles, food particles and engulfed virus or bacteria `
Peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> smaller, membrane-walled sacs that contain enzymes,
especially oxidases and catalases, Function: removing toxic peroxides from the body
Peroxide - CORRECT ANSWER >>> compound that contains an oxygen-oxygen single bond
Membranous Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> separately enclosed within their own lipid
membranes that isolate them form cytosol
Non-Membranous Organelles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> not enclosed within their own lipid
membranes; hence they are always exposed to the cytosol
Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> complexes of tow subunits function as the site of
protein synthesis; two types found cell
Free Ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ribosomes that are located within the cytosol
fixed ribosomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Ribsomes that are bound to the ER
Microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER >>> composed of tubulin
Function: the main support of the cell; allow organelle movement; function during cell division in moving and separating DNA strands
Microfilaments - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mainly composed of thin strands of the actin
protein
Intermediate filaments - CORRECT ANSWER >>> function in providing strength, stabilization
of the organelles, and transport of materials within the cytoplasm
Thick Filaments - CORRECT ANSWER >>> mainly composed of the protein myosin; produce
movement with the action of actin
Centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER >>> long,barrel shapes microtubules that radiate from the
centrosome in non-dividing cells Function: Direct the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions. Form the bases of cilia and flagella
Cilia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> microtubules containing tail-like projections that are anchored
by a basal body Function: Movement of fluids or secretions across the cell surface by beating rhythmically
Flagellum - CORRECT ANSWER >>> a whip like projection that functions in moving a cell
through surrounding fluid Found only in sperm
Microvilli - CORRECT ANSWER >>> tiny fingerlike projections that increase the cell's surface
area for absorption
Cell Division - CORRECT ANSWER >>> series of events that take place in an eukaryotic
(nucleated) cell, leading to its replication; divided into 2 brief stages
Interphase (Mitosis) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> The mitosis phases is divided into G1, S, G
Interpase: G1 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> cells are metabolically active, make proteins rapidly,
and grow vigorously
Interphase: S - CORRECT ANSWER >>> DNA replicates itself
Interphase: G2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>> final part of interphase where enzymes needed for
cell division are synthesized
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Order of
mitosis
Mitosis or Cytokinesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> division of the mother cell into two daughter
cells, genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
Prophase (stage 1) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Chromatin threads coil and condense, forming
two identical chromatin threads, now called chromatids Chromatids are held together by a small buttonlike body called centromere and cohesin Nucleoli disapeear as chromosomes appear Mitotic Spindle forms between the centriole pairs The nuclear envelope fragments and begins to be dispersed to the ER
Metaphase (Stage 2) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Centromeres precisely align at the equator
(exact center) of the spindle Meet in the Middle
Anaphase (Stage 3) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> shortest stage of mitosis
Begins abruptly as the chromatid pairs separate and each chromatid now becomes a chromosome in its own right The V shaped daughter chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the cell
Telophase (Stage 4) - CORRECT ANSWER >>> Begins as soon as chromosomal movement
stops Nuclear membranes form and the nuclei enlarge as the chromosomes begin to uncoil Nucleoli reappear and the nuclei resemble those of interphase cells
Cytokinesis - CORRECT ANSWER >>> completes the division of the cell into 2 daughter cells
Occurs as a contractile ring of peripheral microfilaments forms at the cleavage furrow and squeezes the cells apart
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue -^ CORRECT ANSWER
>>> Four primary tissue types
Epithlium/Epithelia - CORRECT ANSWER >>> sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines
a body cavity Function: protection, sensory reception, secretion, absorption and ion transport Cellularity: epithelia is composed of abundant densely packed cells and very little extracellular material
