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A&P II - LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
What type of immunity is present at birth and has no memory? - correct answer Innate/nonspecific What immunity recognizes specific antigens and has memory (also involves B and T lymphocytes?) - correct answer Adaptive/Specific What makes up the lymphatic system? - correct answer Lymph, lymphatic vessels, red bone marrow, nodes, nodules, thymus, spleen What makes up lymphatic tissue? - correct answer Specialized reticular connective tissue with many B and T lymphocytes What is interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels called? - correct answer Lymph What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system? - correct answer Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins, carry out immune functions (B cell and T cell) Does lymph circulate? - correct answer No, it is a one way journey to venous blood What moves lymph around the body? - correct answer Milking by skeletal muscles and respiratory pump What is the pathway of lymph? - correct answer Lymphatic capillaries>lymphatic vessels>lymphatic trunks>Lymphatic ducts>Subclavian vein What are blind tubules in most tissues? - correct answer Lymphatic capillaries
Where are there no lymphatic capillaries? - correct answer Avascular tissues, CNS, parts of spleen and red bone marrow What lymphatic duct drains most of the body? - correct answer Thoracic duct What are the lymphatic trunks of the body? - correct answer Lumbar, inestinal, broncomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular What duct drains the upper right portion of the body? - correct answer Right lymphatic duct What are specialized reticular connective tissue (loose CT)? - correct answer Lymphatic tissues What is the term for functional fibers? - correct answer Parenchyma What is the supporting framework called? - correct answer the Stroma What are the extentions of the capsule into the body of an organ called? - correct answer Trebeculae What is a characteristic of a lymphatic organ? - correct answer CT capsule Why are lymphatic nodules not an organ? - correct answer They lack a CT capsule What are two of the subdivisions of the lymphatic nodule? - correct answer Medulla and cortex
What cells make up the cortex of the thymus? - correct answer T cells, epithelial cells, dendric cells, macrophages What do epithelial cells in the thymus do? - correct answer Make thymic hormones which cause T cells to mature How many of the T cells undergo apoptosis and get phagocytized by macrophages? - correct answer 98% Where do the remaining surviving cells from the thymus go after the cortex? - correct answer Into the medulla What cells make up the medulla of the thymus? - correct answer Mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendric cells and macrophages What are parts of the thymus' medulla that contains degenrate epithelial cells with keratohyalin and keratin? - correct answer Thymic/Hassalls corpuscles Where do T cells go after the thymus? - correct answer Carried by blood to colonize nodes and spleen Where are most clusters of lymph nodes located? - correct answer Groin, axilla mammary glands What makes up the inside of a lymph node? - correct answer Reticular fiber and fibroblasts What is the parenchyme of the lymph node? - correct answer One outer cortex, one inner cortex and one medulla Where are the efferent vessels located on a lymph node? - correct answer At the hilum
Which types of lymphatic tissue or organs filter lymph? - correct answer Secondary lymphatic tissue Which type of lymphatic tissue or organ encounters antigens? - correct answer Secondary lymphatic tissues or organs What is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue? - correct answer The spleen What type of lymphatic tissue is the spleen? - correct answer Secondary lymphatic tissue Does the spleen filter lymph? - correct answer No, only filters blood Where do the afferent vessels arise in the spleen? - correct answer Within the spleen What makes up the stroma of the spleen? - correct answer CT capsual, trabeculae, reticular fibers and fibroblasts What is the parenchyme of the spleen? - correct answer White pulp and red pulp What cells are in the white pulp? - correct answer B and T cells and macrophages What is in the red pulp (venous sinuses)? - correct answer 1) Fixed macrophages
- Storage of platelets
- Hemopoiesis during fetal life Where do you find lymphatic nodules? - correct answer Scattered throughout the lamina propria (CT of mucosa), some also in the submucosa in GI, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive systems
What are lymphocytes in the blood, spleen, nodes, and red bone marrow that are not B or T cells? - correct answer Natural killer cells What do NK cells produce? - correct answer Perforins which cause lysis and apoptosis What are two kinds of phagocytes? - correct answer Neutrophils and macrophages What are the five stages in phagocytosis? - correct answer 1. Chemotaxis
- Adherence (opsonization)
- Ingestion (pseudopods and phagosome)
- Digestion (lysosomes fuse with phagosome)
- Killing (oxidative burst - superoxide, hypochlorite and peroxide) What are the three steps of inflammation? - correct answer 1. Vasodilation and increased permeability
- Emigration
- Tissue repair What occurs during vasodialtion in inflammation? - correct answer Clotting proteins leave b/c of increased permeability What are the clotting proteins used during inflamation? - correct answer 1. Histamine - from mast cells, basophils and platelets *MOST IMPORTANT VASODILATOR
- Kinins - polypeptides formed in the blood (Bradykinin is an example)
- Prostaglandins - from damaged cells, intensify 1 and 2 Also, leukotrienes and complement
What happens during emigration of phagocytic cells in inflammation? - correct answer First neutrophils, then they die off, then macrophages What causes a fever? - correct answer Often because toxins from bacteria trigger macrophages to release interleukin 1 (resets thermostat in hypothalmus) What are antigens? - correct answer Substances not recognized as "self" and cause an immune response What is a complete antigen? - correct answer has 2 functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity What is the ability of an antigen to provoke an immune response called? - correct answer Immunogenicity What is the ability of an antigen to react with those specific antibodies or immune cells that the immune rxn provoked? - correct answer Reactivity What are the size of most antigens? - correct answer large complex molecules with a molecular weight of 10,000 daltons or more Besides being proteins, what are four other things that antigens can be? - correct answer Nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides Are polymers with simple repeating units antigenic? - correct answer No What are the small parts of an antigen that trigger an immune response? - correct answer Epitopes Since epitopes have immunogenicity, what do they stimulate? - correct answer Production of Ab and T cells
How do immucompetent B cells arise? - correct answer Pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow>develop in primary lymphatic tissues>make antigen receptors that recognize antigens>Fully mature in bone marrow (continues throughout life) How do immucompetent Tcells arise? - correct answer Pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow>develop in primary lymphatic tissues>make antigen receptors that recognize antigens>Go from the bone marrow to the thymus to complete maturation (most maturation occurs before puberty) Besides an antigen receptor, what else do T cells have on their membrane? - correct answer CD4 and CD-8 receptors What type of cell is responsible for antibody mediated immunity (also called Humoral immunity)? - correct answer B cells>plasma cells>secrete antibodies What type of cell is responsible for cell mediated response/immunity? - correct answer T cells CD-8 T cells>T cytotoxic CD-4 T cells>T helper cells What is antibody mediated immunity especially effective against? - correct answer Extracellular An, An in body fluids, extracellular pathogens that multiply in body fluids What is cell mediated response/immunity especially effective against? - correct answer Intracellular pathogens CELLS ATTACKING CELLS -Forign transplanted tissue -Protist or helminth parasite -Some cancer cells Which cells directly bind antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid, plasma? - correct answer B cells
Which cells recognize fragments of foreign antigens that are presented along with self antigens? - correct answer T cells Do B cells or T cells leave secondary lymphatic tissue to go the site of infection?
- correct answer T cells only - B cells stay in secondary lymphatic tissue What is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates? - correct answer Clonal selection Where does clonal selection occur? - correct answer In secondary lymphatic tissues What are the two types of cells that are created from clonal selection? - correct answer 1. Effector cell (carry out immune rxn
- Memory cell What is the function of an effector cell? - correct answer carry out the immune reaction (usually destroys or inactivates a An) What are some examples of effector cells? - correct answer Active T helper cells, Active T cytotoxic cells and Plasma cells What is the function of memory cells? - correct answer To carry out subsequent responses to same An. WIll proliferate and differentiate rapidly What are some examples of memory cells? - correct answer Memory T helper cells, Memory T cytotoxic cells and Memory B cells How long do effector cells and memory cells usually live? - correct answer Effector cells die after immune rxn has ended and memory cells can last for decades
When do T cells recognize antigenic proteins? - correct answer When they have been processed and presented with a MHC An Which type of T cell is involved with a exogenous antigen? - correct answer CD- Which type of T cell is invoved with a endogenous antigen? - correct answer CD- Is an APC necessary for an endogenous or exogenous antigen? - correct answer Only for Exogenous What is a name for many small protein hormones made by many cells? - correct answer Cytokines What cells make cytokines? - correct answer Lymphocytes APCs Fibroblasts Endothelial cells Monocytes Hepatocytes Kidney cells What are the 7 types of cytokines? - correct answer 1. Interleukin 1
- Interleukin 2
- Alpha and beta Interferons
- Lymphotoxins
- Perforin
- Granzymes
- Granulysin
What is the function of interleukin 1? - correct answer Causes fever, T helper cell proliferation What is the fuction of interleukin 2? - correct answer Important for entire immune response. Costimulator of B, T; NK (only T helper cells make it) What makes alpha and beta interferons? - correct answer Only a virus infected cell What is the function of Lymphotoxin? - correct answer From T cytotoxic cells and NK cells, causes Lysis What is the function of Granzymes? - correct answer From T cytotoxic cells and NK cells. Casues cell to undergo apoptosis What is the function of Granulysin? - correct answer From T cytotoxic cells and causes holes to form in the microbial cells membrane What are the two signals that a T cell requires to become activated? - correct answer 1. Antigen recognition
- Costimulation by Il 2 (or another cytokine) What is the purpose of CD-4 and CD-8 receptors on T cells? - correct answer Maintain the protein/MHC complex When T helper cells release Il 2 and it causes T helper cells to proliferate and make more, what kind of feedback system is it? - correct answer Positive What else does Il 2 stimulate? - correct answer NK cells, B cells, T helper and T cytotoxic cells
IgM IgA IgD IgE What type and number of chains make up an Ab? - correct answer 4 polypeptide chains (2 heavy and 2 light) What holds the polypeptide chains together in an Ab? - correct answer Disulfide bonds What are the two regions of an Ab? - correct answer Constant and a variable region What does the constant region on an Ab detemine? - correct answer Determines the class What is the purpose of the variable region on an Ab? - correct answer Binds to the Ab What are some of the actions of an Ab? - correct answer 1) Neutralize the antigen
- Immobolize the bacteria
- Agglutination/precipitation of An
- Activate complement
- Enhance phagocytosis What does it mean when an Ab neutralizes an An? - correct answer Blocks the binding sites or neutralizes the toxins What does it mean when an Ab causes the agglutination/precipitation of an An? - correct answer Makes the An become a clump or solid
What does it mean when an Ab activates a complement? - correct answer Chemotaxis of phagocytes, inflammation, opsonization and lysis How does an Ab enhance phagocytosis? - correct answer Attracts phagocytic cells and enhances their activity What is the most abundant class of Ab? - correct answer IgG What Ab crosses the placenta? - correct answer IgG What class of Ab is AntiRh? - correct answer IgG What class of Ab decreases with stress? - correct answer IgA What Ab is found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, Gi secretions, lymph, blood and on Mucosae - correct answer IgA What is the first class of Ab that plasma cells release? - correct answer IgM What two classes of Ab are know to fix or activate a complement? - correct answer IgG and IgM Which class of Ab when its a monomer it serves as An receptors on B cells? - correct answer IgM What class of Ab are antiA and AntiB? - correct answer IgM What class of Ab is mainly found on B cell surface as an antigen receptor? - correct answer IgD
With an initial reaction, how long does it take for the first Ab thats released (IgM) to peak? - correct answer 7 days With an initial reaction, how long does it take for the Ab that is released quickly and in great quantity (IgG) to peak? - correct answer 10 days What are the four different types of immunity? - correct answer Natural Artificial Active Passive What does it mean when there is natural immunity? - correct answer There has been no medical intervention What does it mean when there is artificial immunity? - correct answer That there has been medical intervention What does it mean when there is active immunity? - correct answer The person makes Ab or activated T cell - MEMORY RESULTS What does it mean when there is passive immunity? - correct answer The person is given/receives Ab - NO MEMORY RESULTS What are the four ways that someone can acquire immunity? - correct answer Natural active Natural passive Artificial Active Artificial passive
What immunity is it called when a patient contracts a disease or encounters an An, recovers and has memory - correct answer Natural active What immunity is it called when IgG crosses the placenta or IgA goes from breastmilk to a newborn? - correct answer Natural passive What immunity is it called when someone receives a vaccination? - correct answer Artificial active What immunity is it called when someone receives Ab intraveneously? - correct answer Artificial passive What 2 skills/traits are critical for T cells to have and are developed in the thymus? - correct answer 1. Recognize MHC antigens (self-recognition)
- Lack reactivity to your own peptide fragments (self-tolerance) What type of selection is self recognition developed by? - correct answer Positive selection What type of selection is self tolerance developed by? - correct answer Negative selection What type of selection occurs in the thymus to T cells that is a weeding out process that involves dendritic cells at the cortex/medulla junction of the thymus? - correct answer Negative selection of Self tolerant T cells How does a mother who is Rh - prevent sensitzation in order for her second Rh+ baby to be ok? - correct answer Mother is given antiRh
