Anatomy and Physiology Study Notes
Chapter 1: Introduction
Anatomical Position: Standardized posture where a person stands upright with feet
together, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.
Interstitial vs. Intracellular vs. Extracellular Fluids:
- Interstitial fluid: Fluid between cells.
- Intracellular fluid: Fluid within cells.
- Extracellular fluid: Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma.
Planes:
- Frontal (coronal): Divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Sagittal: Divides body into left and right.
- Transverse (horizontal): Divides body into superior and inferior parts.
Directional Terms: Superior (above), Inferior (below), Anterior (front), Posterior (back),
Medial (toward midline), Lateral (away from midline).
Body Cavities: Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic.
Feedback Loops:
- Positive feedback: Enhances change (e.g., childbirth).
- Negative feedback: Reverses change (e.g., blood sugar regulation).
Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions.
Levels of Organization: Cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
Chapter 2: Chemistry
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
- Covalent: Sharing electrons.
- Ionic: Transfer of electrons.
- Polar bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons.
