Download anatomy and physiology quizzes with answers : cell cycle /mitosis and miosis and more Quizzes Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
- Which of the following properties is least likely to be possessed by a covalent, molecular substance? A. strong odour B. high solubility in water C. melting point above 400 °C D. low electrical conductivity Answer is C: A high melting point is characteristic of ionic substances. Some covalent compounds are soluble in water.
- The diagrams below display the covalent bonds present in a series of simple molecules. In which case is the number of bonds surrounding an atom in the diagrams below INCORRECT? A. Carbon dioxide, O – C – O
B. carbon tetrachloride,
CI
CI
CI
CI CI
C. ammonia,
H
H
H N
D. water, H – O – H Answer is A: carbon must form four bonds (not two). It is from group IV A in the periodic table
4.2 Solutions
Water is a very good solvent and the substances that are dissolved in a sample of water are known as the solutes. The combination of solvent with the dissolved sol- utes is known as the solution. The term “% concentration” is a statement about how much solute is dissolved in a known volume of solvent. Hence a solution of concen- tration ×% has × grams of solute dissolved per 100 ml of solution. Solution concen- tration may also be expressed as: specific gravity; molarity in mmol/L; osmolarity in mosmol/L and osmotic pressure. Solids that dissolve in water to produce ions are known as “electrolytes”. However, many books refer to the dissolved ions themselves as electrolytes. If the concentration of a particular ion in the body’s plasma is too low the prefix “-hypo”
is used. For example: hyponatremia. If the concentration of a particular ion in the plasma is too high the prefix “-hyper” is used. For example: hyperkalemia.
- Which item from the following list is an electrolyte? A. Ca++ B. oxygen gas (O2) dissolved in water C. table salt (solid form of Na+^ Cl-^ ) D. glucose (solid form of the sugar) Answer is C: “An electrolyte is a substance that when dissolved in water, will produce ions in solution.”
- Given that one mole of Na+Cl −^ has a mass of 58.5 g, how many grams of Na+Cl− are dissolved in a solution of 0.1 mole per litre? A. 0.585 g B. 5.85 g C. 58.5 g D. 0.1 g Answer is B: 0.1 mole = 1/10 of 58.5 g = 5.85 g
- How many grams of sodium chloride are there in (0.9 %) normal saline? A. 0.09 g per 100 ml B. 0.09 g per litre C. 9 g per 100 ml D. 9 g per litre Answer is D: 0.9 % means 0.9 g per 100 ml of solution = 9 g per 1000 ml (i.e. per litre)
- How many grams of sodium chloride are there in a one litre bag of 0.9 % saline? A. 0.09 g B. 0.9 g C. 9 g D. 90 g Answer is C: 0.9 % means 0.9 g per 100 ml of solution = 9 g per 1000 ml (i.e. per litre)
- What is the percentage concentration of glucose if 80 gram of glucose is dis- solved in one litre of solution? A. 0.8 % B. 5 % C. 8 % D. 80 % Answer is C: 80 g per 1000 ml = 8 g per 100 ml = 8 %
C. the smallest particle of an element. D. negatively charged sub-atomic particles. Answer is B: this is a definition of electrolyte.
- The solution concentration 0.9 % means that there are
A. 0.9 g of solute in 100 ml of solution. B. 9.0 g of solute in 100 ml of solution. C. 0.9 g of solute in one litre of solution. D. 0.9 mole of solute in 100 ml of solution. Answer is A: 0.9 % = 0.9 per cent = 0.9 per hundred = 0.9 g per 100 ml of solution.
- Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte (or does not contain electrolytes)? A. K+ B. nitrate ions C. haemoglobin D. a 1 % solution of sodium chloride Answer is C: haemoglobin is an uncharged protein found within red blood cells.
- Which is the best definition of an electrolyte?
A. an atom that dissociates into ions. B. a substance that will conduct electricity when it is dissolved in water. C. molecules of solid, liquid or gas that will conduct electricity in solution. D. a substance that will conduct electricity. Answer is B: this is a definition of electrolyte. Choice C is restricted to mole- cules; and there must be a solution involved, so D is wrong.
- What is the condition known as hyperkalemia characterised by? A
A. higher than normal concentration of potassium in the blood. B. lower than normal concentration of potassium in the blood. C. serum sodium concentration greater than 150 mmol/l. D. serum sodium concentration greater than 5 mmol/l. Answer is A: kalemia refers to potassium. “hyper-” refers to more or an excess.
- A solution of 5 % glucose is used for an infusion. Over a 2 hour period, 300 ml of the solution were used. How much glucose in grams was infused? A. 5 gm B. 12.5 gm C. 15.0 gm D. 50 gm Answer is C: 5 % means 5 g per 100 ml. So in 300 ml there would be 3 × 5 g = 15 g infused.
- A solution of glucose is used for an infusion. Over a 3 hour period 250 ml of solution is used containing a total of 5 g of glucose. What is the concentration of the glucose solution used? A. 2 % B. 20 % C. 0.2 % D. 5 % Answer is A: 5 g per 250 ml = 20 g per 1000 ml (multiply by 4) = 2 g per 100 ml = 2%.
- A sudden and severe loss of potassium due to diuretic abuse is likely to result in: A. hypothermia B. hyponatremia C. hypokalemia D. hypoventilation Answer is C: kalium means potassium, the prefix “hypo-” means a lack or decrease in.
- Which of the following statements relating to a patient with severe loss of potassium due to diuretic abuse is TRUE? A. the serum levels of potassium are > 3 mmol/L B. an ECG is probably not warranted C. the condition may be treated by administering oral glucose and potassium D. one course of action is to decrease the intake of potassium and to undergo ion-exchange resin treatment Answer is C: a loss of potassium may be treated by administering potassium. Hypokalemia refers to a blood concentration of <3 mmol/L, and such a level could affect the heart so an ECG IS warranted.
- Which strategy would be most effective in dealing with a severe case of dehydration? A. Oral administration of a hypertonic solution. B. Intravenous administration of distilled water. C. Intravenous administration of isotonic glucose. D. Intravenous administration of hypotonic sodium chloride. Answer is C: IV solutions should be isotonic (oral solutions should be hypo- tonic). Glucose would be absorbed by cells leaving the water behind in the blood which would reduce blood osmolarity. Hence water would redistribute itself by osmosis through the body.
- Given that the healthy range of sodium ion concentration in the blood is 137– 145 mmol/L, if the measured concentration of a blood sample was 130 mmol/L, what would the condition be called? A. hyperkalemia B. hypokalemia C. hypernatremia D. hyponatremia Answer is D: natrium is sodium. As 130 is less than 137, the prefix “hypo-” is the correct one.
- Extracellular fluid includes which of the following liquids?
A. blood plasma B. blood plasma and interstitial fluid C. blood plasma and interstitial fluid and connective tissue fluid D. blood plasma and interstitial fluid and connective tissue fluid and liquid inside cells Answer is C: This choice includes more than choices A & B. D is wrong as liquid inside cells is not extracellular.
- What can be said about a solution that conducts electricity?
A. the solute is a polar molecule B. the solvent is a non-polar liquid C. the solution contains dissolved ions D. the solution contains dissolved molecules Answer is C: dissolved ions must be present for electrical conduction to occur.
- Which of the body’s fluid compartments does the vascular compartment form part of? A. interstitial fluid B. extracellular fluid C. intracellular fluid D. transcellular fluid Answer is B: vascular = blood which is almost synonymous with extracellular.
- To what condition does the term “hypokalemia” refer?
A. too little phosphorus in the blood B. too much sodium in the blood C. too little potassium in the blood D. too little sodium in the blood Answer is C: hypo- refers to too little and Kalium is the Latin word for potassium.
- Which of the following is correct for intra-cellular fluid (ICF) and extra-cellular fluid (ECF)? A. the ECF is part of the ICF B. the majority of the body’s water is in the ECF C. the ICF contains more sodium than the ECF D. the ICF contains more potassium than the ECF Answer is D: there is more K within cells than outside cells (the reverse is true for sodium). Most body water is inside the cells.
- A one litre IV bag contains 0.18 % sodium chloride and 4 % glucose. What mass of solutes would be dissolved in 100 ml of the solution? A. 0.18 g of sodium chloride and 4 g of glucose B. 1.8 g of sodium chloride and 4 g of glucose C. 1.8 g of sodium chloride and 40 g of glucose D. 18 g of sodium chloride and 40 g of glucose Answer is A: 0.18 % sodium chloride and 4 % glucose means 0.18 g of sodium chloride per 100 ml and 4 g of glucose per 100 ml.
- In the context of fluid (water) balance, the body is said to have “two compart- ments”. What are they? A. the vascular and the interstitial compartments B. the intracellular and the interstitial compartments C. the lymph and the vascular compartments D. the extracellular and the intracellular compartments Answer is D: outside the cells and inside the cells includes everything.
- What is an insufficient concentration of potassium in the blood known as?
A. hypokalemia B. hyponatremia C. hypopotassemia D. hypocalcemia Answer is A: the Latin word for potassium is kalium. The prefix “-hypo” refers to too little. Arguably, choice C is not wrong, but this expression is not used.
- If a solution is shown to be able to conduct electricity, then what is true?
A. A: the solution is free of impurities B. B: the solution contains a dissolved electrolyte C. C: the solution contains dissolved molecules D. D: the solution is an aqueous solution Answer is B: a dissolved electrolyte will ensure that ions are in solution and the solution will conduct electricity as these ions are free to move through the solution.
