Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Anatomy and Physiology - 159 Questions on Exam 5 |, Exams of Physiology

Southwestern Illinois CollegePhysiology

Material Type: Exam; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Southwestern Illinois College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Exams

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/14/2009

cflanigan
cflanigan 🇺🇸

5

(4)

15 documents

1 / 20

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Page1of20
Anatomy&Physiology–MockExamV
1) Thisglandisconsideredthe“masterendocrinegland.”
A) Pituitary
B) Thymus
C) Pineal
D) Hypothalamus
2) Whataresomegeneralfunctionsoftheendocrinesystem?
3) Withregardstogeneralfunctions,theendocrinesystemisessentiallyresponsiblefor
maintaining________________________;or,ageneralconsistencyoftheinternalconditions
ofthebody.
4) Whataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofhormones?
5) Compareandcontrastthenervousandendocrinesystems.
6) Howdoesthemodeoftransportationofahormoneallowittoactwidelyinthebody?In
otherwords,howcanithaveaglobaleffect,ratherthanalocalizedeffectlikethatof
neurotransmitterssecretedbythenervoussystem?
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14

Partial preview of the text

Download Anatomy and Physiology - 159 Questions on Exam 5 | and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Anatomy & Physiology – Mock Exam V

  1. This gland is considered the “master endocrine gland.” A) Pituitary B) Thymus C) Pineal D) Hypothalamus
  2. What are some general functions of the endocrine system?
  3. With regards to general functions, the endocrine system is essentially responsible for maintaining ________________________; or, a general consistency of the internal conditions of the body.
  4. What are some general characteristics of hormones?
  5. Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems.
  6. How does the mode of transportation of a hormone allow it to act widely in the body? In other words, how can it have a global effect, rather than a localized effect like that of neurotransmitters secreted by the nervous system?
  1. _________________________________ is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them.
  2. _____________________ signaling is a form of signaling in which the cell secretes a hormone that has a local effect on the same cell type, or even the cell that secreted it.
  3. _______________________ signaling is a form of signaling in which the cell secretes a hormone that affects other cell types locally without being transported into the blood.
  4. Most neurotransmitters are examples of autocrine signaling. True False
  5. _______________________ are a type of intercellular signal. They are produced by cells of the endocrine glands. They enter the circulatory system and affect distant cells.
  6. Give one example of autocrine signaling and paracrine signaling.
  7. _________________________ are produced by neurons and are hormones. An example of this is oxytocin.
  8. A _____________________________ is a chemical produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by pre ‐ synaptic nerve terminals. It travels short distances and influences postsynaptic cells. An example of this is acetylcholine.
  9. _____________________________ are secreted into the environment and typically modify the behavior and physiology of others.
  10. How are hormones classified? What are the two chemical classes of hormones?
  11. ____________________ and _____________________ are two examples of amino acid derivatives that are lipid ‐ soluble hormones.
  12. Amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins are all examples of ______________ ‐ soluble hormones.
  13. The word ___________________ refers to something that is blood ‐ borne.
  1. Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism with regards to hormonal regulation.
  2. Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism with regards to hormonal regulation.
  3. Explain and describe chronic, acute and cyclic hormone secretion patterns. Give an example of a hormone that is secreted in each pattern.
  4. Hormones that are secreted in a chronic pattern are usually lipid ‐ soluble hormones that are transported with binding proteins. True False
  5. What two transport methods do hormones have?
  6. __________________________ can diffuse from plasma into interstitial fluid and affect cells.
  7. _________________________ hormones diffuse through capillary walls.
  8. _________________________ hormones diffuse through pores in capillaries called ________________.
  9. It is not necessary for a hormone to detach from its binding protein to reach its target. True False
  1. HDL and LDL are binding proteins for _________________________.
  2. The ________________________ of a substance is the length of time it takes for half of the dose of the substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system.
  3. What kinds of activities might a substance with a relatively long half ‐ life regulate?
  4. What kinds of activities would a substance with a relatively short half ‐ life possibly regulate?
  5. The ___________________________ is the portion of the molecule where the hormone binds.
  6. If the molecule is a receptor, like in a cell membrane, the binding site is called a ________________________.
  7. Receptor sites and binding sites are specific to certain molecules. True False
  8. Explain down ‐ regulation. What kind of medications do people develop tolerances to because of down ‐ regulation?
  9. Explain up ‐ regulation.
  1. Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme. True False
  2. Adenylate cyclase synthesizes which of the following molecules? A) cGMP B) cAMP C) GTP D) ADP
  3. cAMP is a second messenger. What is the primary function of a second messenger?
  4. Adenylate cyclase is activated by the alpha ‐ subunit of the G protein. True False
  5. DAG and IP 3 are both second messengers. True False
  6. DAG causes the production of ____________________________________, which increase smooth muscle contraction.
  7. IP 3 causes an increase of Ca2+^ in the cytoplasm. This decreases the contraction of smooth muscle. True False
  8. Explain the cascade effect of hormones.
  1. What are some properties of intracellular receptors? How do they produce responses?
  2. Explain the mechanism by which an intracellular receptor binds to a hormone and produces a response.
  3. The ________________________ and the hypothalamus is the point where the nervous and endocrine systems interact.
  4. The hypothalamus regulates the secretions of the _____________________________________ gland.
  5. The posterior pituitary is simply considered an extension of the _________________________.
  6. The anterior pituitary produces nine major hormones that have what two major functions?
  7. The posterior pituitary is also called the ___________________________.
  8. The anterior pituitary is also called the ___________________________.
  9. The anterior pituitary consists of which three indistinct boundaries?
  10. __________________ hormones stimulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
  11. __________________ hormones inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones.
  1. TSH increases the activity of phospholipase that opens Ca2+^ channels. This increases Ca 2+ concentration in the cells of the thyroid gland. True False
  2. T 3 and T 4 stimulate the secretion of TRH and TSH. True False
  3. TSH, TRH and thyroid hormones are all lipid ‐ soluble. True False
  4. Imagine that you’re a physician. You have a patient that seems to get really weak and nearly faints upon standing. Your patient, despite the inability to get around in any fashion, seems very toned and tan. During your assessment, in conversation, the patient makes known they’re really craving a salty snack. Without any testing, what would be your first impression – what might be wrong?
  5. A glucocorticoid such as dexamethasone would cause a decrease in ACTH. True False
  6. What four hormones are all derived from the same large precursor molecule when stimulated by CRH?
  7. _________________________ causes adipose cells to catabolize fat.
  8. _________________________ act as an analgesic. They are produced during times of stress.
  9. MSH causes melanocytes to produce more ____________________________.
  10. ___________________________________ are glycoprotein hormones that promote growth and function of the gonads.
  1. LH and _______________ are two examples of gonadotropins.
  2. GnRH secreted from the ______________________ stimulates LH and FSH secretion.
  3. How could a person be diagnosed as iodine deficient through blood testing? What signs would the test exhibit?
  4. Prolactin is a hormone that has a role in milk production in humans. What does prolactin stimulate/inhibit in birds? What function does prolactin typically have for newts and lizards?
  5. TSH primarily stimulates the secretion of: A) T (^3) B) T 12 C) T 2 D) T 4
  6. Iodine enters the follicular cells of the thyroid gland by what mechanism? A) Facilitated Diffusion B) Active Transport C) Diffusion D) Osmosis
  7. The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that stores hormone. True False
  8. Of the two primary thyroid hormones, T 3 is the bioactive form and T 4 is the precursor protein. True False
  9. Thyroid hormones do not require a binding protein because they are lipid ‐ soluble. True False
  10. What are a few functions of the thyroid hormones?
  1. Explain the general mechanism by which hormones arrive at their target tissue.
  2. What are the basic functions of the muscular system?
  3. What are four primary characteristics of muscle? Explain them.
  4. Of the types of muscle tissue, which moves voluntarily? A) Skeletal B) Cardiac C) Smooth D) Rough
  5. Skeletal muscle is comprised primarily of four different structures. What are they?
  6. _________________________ stimulate muscle fibers to contract.
  7. A muscle fiber is a cell packed with myofibrils within __________________________.
  8. Thin myofilaments are composed primarily of __________________ while thick myofilaments are composed primarily of __________________.
  1. _______________________ are highly ordered repeating units of myofilaments.
  2. Draw a simple flow ‐ chart ordered from outermostinnermost structure of muscle. Indicate what type of connective tissue surrounds each structure.
  3. Thin filaments are anchored at the z ‐ disk. True False
  4. The ____________________________________________ is the point of contact between the motor neuron and muscle fiber.
  5. Draw or explain the structure of the neuromuscular junction. What happens at the NMJ?
  6. __________________________ covers the active sites on actin while the actin is at rest. This allows muscles to rest.
  7. Ca2+^ is stored primarily in the ______________________________________.
  8. ___________________________ is composed of three subunits: one that binds to actin, a second that binds to tropomyosin and a third that binds to Ca2+^ ions.
  9. ______________________________ is the neurotransmitter that is present at every neuromuscular junction.
  10. The post ‐ synaptic membrane at the NMJ is also known as the __________________________.
  1. Describe cross ‐ bridge movement.
  2. When Ca2+^ is not present in the muscle, _____________________ covers the active site.
  3. Explain what happens regarding the movement of Ca2+^ into and out of muscles causing relaxation.
  4. What causes the lag phase of a muscle twitch?
  5. Why is the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch “tapered?”
  6. The binding of ________________ is required for the detachment of the myosin head from the active site.
  7. How can rigor mortis be explained?
  8. The breakdown of ATP makes the myosin head return to its “ready state.” True False
  9. Chickens typically have “jerky” movement. They do not have the fine motor control that humans possess. Explain this.
  1. A ____________________________ is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers innervated by it.
  2. The strength of contraction of a muscle is graded; it can range from weak to strong depending upon the strength of the stimulus. True False
  3. A whole muscle has many motor units. The strength of contraction depends upon the recruitment of motor units to respond to the stimulus. This is an example of _______________________.
  4. A complete tetanus is an example of a muscle cramp. True False
  5. Describe an incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus and a multiple ‐ wave summation. Is the frequency of action potentials directly related to the frequency of whole muscle contraction? How?
  6. What is a treppe? Does it occur in whole muscle or an individual muscle fiber?
  1. Explain why “dark meat” is dark. Why would the breast of most game birds be “dark meat?”
  2. What is muscle hypertrophy?
  3. What is muscle atrophy?
  4. Each person has a unique distribution of fast ‐ twitch and slow ‐ twitch muscle fibers. True False
  5. A person with a disproportionately high number of fast ‐ twitch muscle fibers would be a better sprinter than a person who possessed more slow ‐ twitch fibers. Why? Which of the two people would most likely win a marathon run?
  6. Describe smooth muscle contraction.
  1. A ____________________________ is an indentation in the sarcolemma of smooth muscle. They act like T tubules. They are a source of Ca2+^ from an extracellular source.
  2. Explain and diagram (if possible) the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction.