Download Anatomy and Physiology 101 Summer 2024 Final Exam Ivy Tech Accurately solved and more Exercises Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
Anatomy and Physiology 101 Summer
2024 Final Exam Ivy Tech Accurately
solved
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology - Answeranatomy- study of structure physiology- study of function what are the levels of organization - Answersubatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism what are the characteristics of life? - Answermovement responsiveness respiration absorption secretion digestion assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms circulation reproduction
growth what are the requirements of life? - Answerwater food heat pressure oxygen define homeostasis - Answermaintaining of a stable enviroment what is a homeostatic mechanism - Answermonitors aspects of internal environment and corrects as needed *negative feedback mechanism define matter - Answeranything that takes up space and has mass element - Answercomposed of chemically identical atoms atom - Answersmallest particle of atom, basic unit of matter what are structure of an atom - Answernucleus protons neutron electrons define nucleus, proton, electron, neutron - Answernucleus- central part of atom proton- positive charge
what is the pH scale? what ions are involved in the pH scale? - AnswerpH scale- indicated the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, H+ and OH- organic molecule - Answercontains Carbon and hydrogen and dissolves in water. inorganic molecule - Answerdoes not contain C and H and dissociates with water What is dehydration synthesis - Answertaking water out (producing water) to form a new product. Uses energy hydrolysis - Answerseparation of two macromolecules by adding water. Releases energy what are carbohydrates - Answerprovide energy and cell structure lipids - Answerprovide energy and cell structure proteins - Answerstructural material, enzymes, energy, hormones, nucleic acids - Answerstore information for protein synthesis, control cell activity what are amino acids? - AnswerProtein building blocks which are help together by peptide bonds what are enzymes? - Answera substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. DNA - AnswerPart of chromosomes and in nucleus. responsible for storing and transferring genetic information.
RNA - Answerlocated in cytoplasm. directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins describe cell membrane - Answercontrols what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer nucleus - Answercontrol center cytoplasm - Answercontains cytosol cytosol - Answeraqueous substance organelles - Answerorganized/specialized structures in cell Function of Ribosomes - Answersynthesize protein ER - Answertransport system, ribosome attachment, synthesize lipids Golgi apparatus - Answermodify, package, deliver protein mitochondria - Answergenerate energy Function lysosome - Answerdigest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances peroxisome - Answerbreakdown organic molecules centrosome - Answerproduce cilia and flagella, distribute chromosomes during cell division
hypotonic - Answercell swells interphase - Answercell growth, replicates material to prepare for cell division, synthesize organelles for cell divisision prophase - Answerchromosomes form, nuclear envelop disappears metaphase - Answerchromosomes align midway between centrioles anaphase - Answerchromosomes separate and move to centrioles (opposite ends telophase - Answerchromatin forms, nuclear envelope forms anabolism - Answeranabolism- provides the materials needed for cellular growth and repair dehydration synthesis catabolism - Answerbreaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules hydrolosis define denaturization - Answerchange the nature or natural qualities of a substance How is ATP made? - Answerglycolysis and cellular respiration How is ATP broken down to release energy? - Answerhydrolysis what is a nucleotide - Answerform the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
what is transcription - Answerprocess by which the genetic information encoded in a linear sequence of nucleotides in one strand of DNA is copied into an exactly complementary sequence of RNA what is translation - Answergenetic information present in an mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein How is DNA replicated? - AnswerThe double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands what is a mutation - Answerchange in genetic information how is RNA made? - AnswerDNA transcription Where do you find simple squamous tissue? - Answerlines air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Where do you find simple cuboidal tissue? - Answerline kidney tubules, ovaries, and ducts where do you find simple columnar tissue - Answerline uterus, stomach, intestines where do you find pseudo-stratified columnar tissue - Answerline respiratory pathways where do you find stratified squamous tissue - Answerline oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal where do you find stratified cuboidal tissue - Answerline ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands,salivary glands, and pancreas where do you find stratified columnar tissue - Answerline male urethra and part of pharnyx
skeletal muscle - Answerattached to bone, striated, voluntary, many nuclei smooth muscle - Answerwalls of organs and blood vessels, skin, involuntary, striated, single nuclei cardiac muscle - Answerheart wall, involuntary, striated, intercalated discs, single nuclei chondrocyte - Answercells of cartilage lacunae - Answerhole for chondrocyte osteocyte - Answercells of bone lamellae - Answerthin calcified layer of bone canaliculi - Answercanal or duct neuron and neuroglial cell - Answerfunctional cells of neurons neuron - Answernerve cell what pigments are used in determining skin color? - Answermelanin, melanoid, keratin, hemoglobin, and oxyhemoglobin. apocrine gland - Answerless numerous and found in the armpit, groin, and around the nipples. Their secretions are thicker, whitish in color, and contain high amounts of proteins. They secrete their product into associated hair follicles. Bacteria feed on this secretion, which produces body odor
eccrine gland - Answerglands are more numerous and found all over the body. They secrete clear, watery sweat with dissolved salts, electrolytes, and organic wastes. They are essential in your body's thermoregulation mechanisms. These glands secrete directly to the skin surface parts of long bone? - Answerepiphysis- distal and proximal diaphysis- middle portion medullary cavity- inner hollow portion periosteum- outer layer of bone compact bone - AnswerDue to the strength of compact bone, its main functions is to support the entire body. Compact pact bone also stores calcium spongy bone - AnswerDue to the sponge-like or porous nature of spongy or cancellous bone, spongy bone has a greater surface area compared to compact bone. This allows bone marrow to develop in the region of spongy bone osteoclasts - Answerbone cell that absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing osteoblasts - Answera cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation bone function - Answershape, support, and protect body structure, blood cell formation, salt storage How are bones classified? - Answerlong bones- femur, humerus short bones- carpal flat bones- frontal bone of skull irregular bones- vertebra sesamoid- patella
pronation - Answer eversion - Answer inversion - Answer protraction - Answer retraction - Answer elevation - Answer depression - Answer fascia - Answera thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ tendon - Answerflexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. aponeurosis - Answera sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment muscle fiber - Answercell found in muscle tissue myofibril - Answerelongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cell
actin - Answera protein that forms (together with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THIN myosin - Answera fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is also involved in motion in other types of cells-- THICK neuromuscular junction - Answerthe site of communication between motor nerve axons and muscle fibres sarcolemma - Answerfine transparent tubular sheath that envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles sarcomere - Answera structural unit of a myofibril in striated muscle, consisting of a dark band and the nearer half of each adjacent pale band sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answerspecialized type of smooth ER that regulates the calcium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells transverse tubules - Answerdeep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell origin - Answerimmobile end insertion - Answermovable end prime mover - Answerprimarily responsible for movement synergists - Answerassist prime mover
descending tracts - Answerpathways by which motor signals are sent from the brain to lower motor neurones. The lower motor neurones then directly innervate muscles to produce movement lobes - Answerdivision of brain fissures - Answerdeep groove convolutions/gyri - Answerbumps sulci - Answergrooves in gray matter basic functions of cerebrum - Answerinterpreting impulses, intiating voluntary movement, storing information as memory, retrieving stored information, reasoning, seat of intelligence and personality basic function of frontal lobe - Answerhigher intellectual processes, concentration, planning, complex problem solving, judging consequences of behavior, movement of voluntary skeletal muscle basic function of parietal love - Answerprovide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, pain, understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings basic function of temporal lobe - Answerhearing, interpret sensory experiences, remeber visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns basic function of occipital lobe - Answervision, combine visual images with other sensory experiences
what is the basal ganglia - Answera group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement. what is the diencephalon - Answercontaining the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle controls emotions, produces feelings, interprets sensory information, the limbic system what is hypothalamus - Answercoordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity - Maintain homeostasis what is the thalamus - Answerrelaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception pituitary gland - Answer locate optic nerve, olfactory nerve, optic chiasm - Answer Medulla oblongata - Answerhelps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation pons - Answerrelay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture midbrain - Answerportion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation
warm receptors - Answersensitive to temp above 25C unresponsive to temp 45C cold receptors - Answersensitive to temp 10-20C muscle spindles - Answersensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscl golgi tendon organs - Answersenses changes in muscle tension describe olfactory sensations - Answerolfactory nerves --> olfacotry bulbs --> olfactory tracts --> limbic system and olfactory cortex describe taste sensations - Answerimpulse form taste receptors --> cranial nerve VII, IX,X --> medulla oblongata --> thalamus --> gustatory cortex parts of outer ear - Answerauricle external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane parts of middle ear - Answertympanic cavity auditory canal oval window ossicles - mallus, incus, stapes parts of inner ear - Answerosseous labyrinth membranous labyrinth chochlea
semicircular canals vestibule How are sound vibrations transmitted to the inner ear - AnswerSounds are channeled into the outer ear, they vibrate the eardrum, which moves the bones of the middle ear (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) which vibrates the outer edge of the cochlea, which send vibration waves to the hairs in the fluid filled inner ear, which sends neuron signals to the brain, which interprets the signals and creates what we recognize as sounds. The fluid gives oxygen to the inner ear as the pulse of the blood vessels would deafen us. how to hearing receptors work - Answerthe hearing receptors are also known as hair cells. The hair cells are not real hairs but are cells with 100 or so projections sticking out that bend in response to movements of the basilar membrane static equilibrium - Answervestibule, senses position of head when body is not moving dynamic equilibrium - Answersemicircular canals, senses rotation and movement of head and body what are rods - Answerprovide vision in dimlight, colorless vision,, outline of images what are cones - Answerprovide vision in bright light, color vision, sharp images what are the parts of the eye? - Answerretina cornea iris lens sclera choroid coat
