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Anatomy & Physiology 1 Final Exam Review 2024-2025. Questions and Correct, Verified Answers. Grade A
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Abduction - ANSMovement away from the midline of the body Absolute refractory period - ANSThe minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. Action Potential - ANSStep 1: Resting Potential Sodium and potassium channels are closed. Na+ rush into the cell; K+ are concentrated inside the cell. Potential difference: -85 mV. Step 2: Depolarization Sodium channels open in response to a stimulus. Na+ rush into the cell according to the dictates of diffusion. Final potential difference +30 mV. Step 3: Repolarization Na+ channels close and K+ channels open. K+ rush out of the cell according to the dictates of diffusion. Potential difference: slightly below -85 mV. Step 4: Resting Conditions Re-established Na+ and K+ channels are closed. Sodium-potassium exchange pump moves Na+ out and K+ in. Resting potential difference: -85 mV.
Hyperpolarization One mechanism for inhibition of the firing of the post-synaptic neuron is to cause hyperpolarization like that which follows the pulse of an action potential. This would raise the threshold for firing of the neuron. Action potentials - ANSThe nerve cells which are used for the perception of external events will, upon being excited by the proper stimulus, transmit an action potential down their axons. When the electrical signal reaches the axon terminal bundle, it interacts with structures called synaptic knobs. It stimulates an influx of calcium (Ca2+) through voltage-gated Ca2+ gates. Active Transport - ANSthe movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. Na+/K+ pump Adduction - ANSMovement toward the midline of the body Adipose loose Connective Tissue - ANSFunction: -Store triglycerides in a large central area. -Serves as an energy reserve Appearance:
-The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. -It is responsible for the integration of complex sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. *Cerebellum: * -Cerebral Lobe
-Deal with receptors in visceral organs. Conveyi nformation from ANS receptors to the CNS. -Monitor internal conditions such as blood CO2 or stretching in the walls of organs or vlood vessels. Motor neurons: conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to help regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. For example: Pupil diameter, heart rate changes, dilation and constriction of blood vessels. Autonomic motor pathways consists of 2 motor neurons:
-Metacarpals (10) -Phalanges (28) Pelvic Girdle Coxal, innominate, or hip bones (2) Lower Extremity -Femur (2) -Tibia (2) -Fibula (2) -Patella (2) -Tarsals (14) -Metatarsals (10) -Phalanges (28) Areolar loose Connective Tissue - ANSFunction: Elasticity, strength, support. Appearance: Fibers (strings), fibroblasts, mast cells (looks like little nipples), embedded in ground substance (white parts). Location: -Subcutaneous layer of the skin. -Superficial dermis.
-Around blood vessels. ATP - ANS(Adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work Mitochondria is the organelle responsible for producing ATP for aerobic production. Autonomic Neurons - ANS-Preganglionic autonomic neurons conduct from spinal cord or brainstem to an autonomic ganglion; post-ganglionic neurons conduct from autonomic ganglia to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, & glandular epithelial tissue Axial Skeleton - ANS80 bones Skull (28) Cranial Bones -Parietal (2) -Temporal (2) -Frontal (1) -Occipital (1) -Ethmoid (1) -Sphenoid (1)
Thoracic Cage -Sternum (1) -Ribs (24) Axillary - ANSSmall pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and arm Blood Connective Tissue - ANSConsists of: -Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes) and suspended in plasma (fluid). Appearance: -Dark purple stained cells are leukocytes. -Pinkish cells are red blood cells. -White space is plasma.
-Form blood-brain barrier -Astrocytes contribute to differentiation of the blood-brain barrier. Transport across the blood-brain barrier may be passive or active Body cavities w/ details visual - ANS Brachial - ANSPertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow) Buccal - ANSCheek Calcaneal - ANSHeel Calcitonin - ANSa hormone secreted by the thyroid that has the effect of lowering blood calcium Cardiac Muscle Tissue - ANSFunction: Involuntarily pumps blood to the body Appearance:
Compact Bone - ANSCanaliculi. Small channels that look like spider webs. Radiate from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix. Osteon - aka Haversion system. The whole thing. Lamellae - Concentric rings of matrix. Lacunae - Contains osteocytes (bone cells). Looks like potato eyes. In compact bone, the haversian systems are packed tightly together to form what appears to be a solid mass. The osteonic canals contain blood vessels that are parallel to the long axis of the bone. These blood vessels interconnect, by way of perforating canals, with vessels on the surface of the bone. Ossification: Endochondral ossification Compact bone - ANSFunction: -Support, protection, storage of blood-forming tissue
Continuous Conduction - ANSslow propagation of an action potential along an unmyelinated axon owing to voltage-gated Na+ channels located along the entire length of the cell membrane occurs in unmyelinated axons Contralateral - ANSSituated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body Cranial - ANSTowards the head or superior end of the body Cranial Nerves Chart visual with functions - ANS Deep - ANSAway from the surface of the body Dense irregular Connective Tissue - ANSFunction: Strength Appearance: