Anatomy Terms & Joint Movements: Spatial Language, Planes, Axes, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Anatomy

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Anatomical Terms

Fall 2006

Prepared by YK

Spatial and Directional Terminology

• Anatomical Position?
• Anterior (Ventral)
  • Toward the front of the body
• Posterior (Dorsal)
  • Toward the rear of the body

Spatial and Directional Terminology

• Superior (Cranial) : toward or closer to the head.
• Inferior (Caudal) : toward or closer to the feet.
• Medial : direction or positions relative to the midline of the body
• Lateral : away from or farther from the midline of the body
• Proximal : a location or direction toward or closer to the trunk.
• Distal : away or farther from the trunk
• Superficial : closer to the skin
• Deep : farther from the skin

Planes and Axes of Motion

• Plane : 2D surface
• Motion occurs in a plane.
• Anatomical Plane
  • Sagittal : an imaginary plane dividing the body into right and left parts
  • Frontal : an imaginary plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts
  • Transverse (horizontal) : an imaginary plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
• Cardinal plane : a plane that passes through the midpoint or center of gravity of the body.

Joint Actions

• Describe the relative movements of two limbs at joints.
• Major joints : Neck, Trunk, Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hip, Knee, Ankle, and Scapular
• General Motions : Diagonal plane – Oblique axis
• Movement around specific planes and axes (From Anatomical position basis)

Movement in Sagittal Plane

• Flexion : Decreasing angles between two segments
• Extension : Increasing angles between two segments
• Hyperextension : Increasing angles more than 180°
• Major Joints involved : Wrist, Elbow, Shoulder, Hip, Knee, Trunk, Neck, & Ankle

Ankle Joints

• Talocrural Joint (Ankle Joint)
  • Plantar/Dorsi flexion (Sagittal Plane)
• Subtalar Joint
  • Inversion/Eversion (Frontal Plane)

Movement in Frontal Plane

• Abduction : Away from midline
• Adduction : Closer to midline
• Radial/Ulnar deviation
• Inversion/Eversion
• Later flexion to R/L
• Elevation/Depression
• Upward/Downward rotation
• Major Joints involved : Shoulder, Hip, Wrist, Ankle, Trunk, Neck, & Scapula

Movements in Transverse Plane

• External/Internal rotation
• Horizontal abduction/adduction
• Pronation : Palm down
• Supination: Palm up
• Rotation to R/L
• Protraction/Retraction **
• Major joints involved: Hip, Shoulder, Radioulnar, Neck, **Trunk, & Scapula****

Radiounlar Joint

Distal Radiounlar Joint

Proximal Radiounlar Joint